LITTLE SAC RIVER WATERSHED FECAL COLIFORM TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD FAPRI-UMC Report #07-05 December 2005 Claire Baffaut Food & Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) University of Missouri Published by the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI), University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005 http://www.fapri.missouri.edu The Environmental Protection Agency Region 7 through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources has provided partial funding for this project under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act through a grant entitled “Integrated analysis of the Little Sac Watershed”. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute at the University of Missouri (FAPRI) is charged with providing objective, quantitative analysis to decision makers. Since 1984, this service has been provided to Congress and national trade associations, and has focused on commodity policy issues. In 1995, the unit was asked to expand its focus and begin to bring the same level of effort to environmental issues, that of providing objective, analytical support. The unit spent considerable time examining the problems and determined the area most lacking analysis was at the local level; the farm, the watershed, and the local community. Similar to the extensive peer-review effort the unit goes through on national commodity policy issues, the environmental analysis effort recognizes the strong need for local involvement. If the local people who must live with the analysis have doubts about the way the analysis was developed, then the effort is wasted. Consequently, the process FAPRI brings to the table also incorporates extensive local input with respect to data sources and model calibration. The University of Missouri System is an Equal Opportunity/ Affirmative Action institution and is nondiscriminatory relative to race, religion, color, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, age, disability or status as a Vietnam-era veteran. Any person having inquiries concerning the University of Missouri-Columbia's compliance with implementing Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, or other civil rights laws should contact the Assistant Vice Chancellor, Human Resource Services, University of Missouri-Columbia, 130 Heinkel Building, Columbia, Mo. 65211, (573) 882-4256, or the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education. FAPRI – Little Sac River Fecal Coliform Total Maximum Daily Load – ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following participated and/or provided support for the Little Sac River Watershed study. Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute, University of Missouri-Columbia Claire Baffaut, Verel Benson, Wendi Rogers Missouri Department of Conservation Brad Jump Missouri Department of Natural Resources Todd Hudson, Gail Wilson, Vicky Kugler Springfield Utilities Charles Parrot (Northwest WWTP), Dave Balou U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Service Montie Hawks, Robert Ball, Tom DeWitt, Robert Howe, Mark Green, Will Rhodes, Steve Hefner University of Missouri Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Sciences Patrick Guinan Watershed Committee of the Ozarks Loring Bullard, Dave White, Matt Keener, Adam Coulter (now with NRCS) Watershed Steering Committee Larry Lane, Ralph Brumley, Billy Dryer, Danny Barker, Carl Speight, Diane Crane, Bill Mitchell, Paule Papez, Greg Lenz, Wendell Painter, Kenny Bergman World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Enteric Zoonoses, University of Missouri-Columbia Dr. Charles A. Carson, Helen Yampara, Jessica Christiansen FAPRI – Little Sac River Fecal Coliform Total Maximum Daily Load – iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The weekly fecal coliform monitoring at two sites of the Little Sac River show that the water quality standard for whole body contact (swimming and canoing) was violated at both sites during the 2004 recreation season. Both the mean and the geometric mean of fecal coliform concentrations were higher than 200 colonies/100 ml. The bacterial source tracking data show that the highest fecal coliform loads come from unknown sources, geese, and human. At low flow, these loadings mainly come from the springs located in the upper part of the watershed while the load from the wastewater treatment plant represents only 3% of the stream bacterial loading. In a karst environment, the contamination of the springs occurs easily because of the fast pathways between the ground surface and the shallow aquifer: sinkholes, cracks, and loosing streams. During storm flow conditions, the loadings are transported from the landscape and urban areas to the streams by surface runoff. Addressing the contamination of the springs should be a major component of any management aimed at reducing the bacterial loading in the Little Sac River. The contamination from geese proved to be a major issue as well. This problem can be addressed in urban areas through various means from education, to harassment, to eggs destruction. Several scenarios were investigated with the model in order to assess which alternative management practices would lead to stream fecal coliform concentrations that respect the water quality criteria. If the spring contamination is reduced by 85% and the goose population by 30%, it is expected that fecal coliform concentrations in the little Sac River will meet the water quality standard 70% of the time. FAPRI – Little Sac River Fecal Coliform Total Maximum Daily Load – iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LITTLE SAC RIVER WATERSHED FECAL COLIFORM TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD ...................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Background Information ................................................................................................................. 2 Geography ................................................................................................................................... 2 Area characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 3 Defining the problem .................................................................................................................. 3 Public involvement related to the study ...................................................................................... 4 Source Assessment...................................................................................................................... 4 Livestock ................................................................................................................................. 4 Horses ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Septic tanks ............................................................................................................................. 5 Wildlife ................................................................................................................................... 5 Permitted facilities .................................................................................................................. 6 Storm runoff from urban areas ................................................................................................ 6 Water Quality Data ..................................................................................................................... 7 Fecal coliform concentrations ................................................................................................. 7 Bacterial Source Tracking ....................................................................................................... 9 Description of the Applicable Water Quality Standards and Numeric Water Quality Targets .... 12 Beneficial uses of Little Sac ..................................................................................................... 12 Use that is impaired .................................................................................................................. 12 Standards that apply .................................................................................................................. 12 Anti-degradation Policy ............................................................................................................ 12 Target Determination ................................................................................................................ 13 Calculation of Load Capacity