University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Fall 12-2002 Fragmentation of Liberal Parties in Russia Shaunna Deanne Phillips University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Phillips, Shaunna Deanne, "Fragmentation of Liberal Parties in Russia" (2002). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/586 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY HONORS PROGRAM SENIOR PROJECT - APPROVAL Name: S~e:A.lAY?h'" S\,:I/;pr College: Ac ~~ t $<.;(!.vI~S Faculty Mentor: Skp~e,Yl \\. JSl(;o.,<-k~\1 PROJECT TITLE: fy-~q) 0\.1; Ov') 01 L.~\'e-r",\ ?()I,·he..~ ill) RlA... .s i "'- I have reviewed this completed senior honors thesis with this student and certify that it is a project commensurate with honors level undergraduate research in this field. Signed: ~ {./.~ , Faculty Mentor Date: 12.-/(1,,/02. r ' Comments (Optional): This paper is well-written and technically near-perfect. It would have been better if it more sources, especially Russian sources, and if it explicitly engaged and synthesized particular opinions of other commentators. More consistent consultation with the faculty mentors would have helped prevent these shortcomings. Fragmentation of Liberal Parties in Russia Shaunna Phillips 12 December 2002 Fragmentation of Liberal Parties in Russia Party development in post-communist Russia has been highly disorganized. The chaotic formation, dissolution, and reformation of parties that has been so characteristic of the past decade has its roots in several aspects of Russian politics. First and most basically, the structure of Russia's national government and its electoral process are not conducive to a coherent party system. The way in which political parties form and develop are extensively shaped by the government in which they operate, and Russia's system of government has had a negative effect on the strength of its parties. Party development has also faced challenges from taking place after the fall of a long-standing oppressive regime, in terms of both the mentality of voters and politicians and the political climate in which parties began to form. One lingering problem in the party system that is beginning to take shape is that of coordination among like-minded parties. Parties with similar ideologies have conSistently competed against one another in elections, often leading to outcomes based on which ideologies are represented by the fewest parties, rather than which ones are supported by the most voters. Page 2 The current structure of Russian government was created by the Constitution of 1993. This constitution gave extensive powers to the president. The president was to be commander-in-chief of the armed forces, would preside over the security council, and have the power to declare marshal law. The prime minister was to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the parliament; however, the president was given the authority to dissolve the parliament if it failed to confirm his appointee on three consecutive occasions. There was also no requirement that the prime minister be a member of parliament or belong to one of the parties represented in the parliament, and the prime minister could be dismissed by the president at any time without parliamentary approval. The president was also responsible for appointing and dismissing deputy prime ~inisters, and required only the consent of the prime minister to appoint and dismiss other members of the ~overrumefit. The president eould veto le~islatiofi that was passed by the parliament, but a presidential veto could be overridden by a two-thirds majority in each house of the legislature. The constitution did give the parliament the power to impeach the president; however, the procedures for Page 3 impeachment were complex and difficult, and could only be initiated in the most extreme circumstances. l The constitution allowed the president to serve for a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. The president was to be directly elected in an election separate from the legislative elections. The president also had to be elected by a majority of those who voted in the election; if no candidate received greater than fifty percent of the vote in the first round of voting, there would be a run-off election between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of votes. 2 The legislative branch created by the 1993 Constitution was called the Federal Assembly. It consisted of an upper house, the Federation Council, and a lower house, called the Duma. The powers of the Federation Council included approval of boundary changes, appointment of judges to the Supreme Court upon nomination by the president, and authorization of the use of armed forces outside the boundaries of the state. It also considered legislation proposed by the Duma on matters of taxes and currency, the budget, international treaties, and war and peace. It met irregularly, for one week out of every I Richard Sakwa, Russian Politics and SOciety, 3rd ed. (New York: Routeledge, 2002), 104. 2 Christopher Marsh, Rusia at the Polls. (Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 2002), 59. Page 4 three, with an additional period before these sessions for committee meetings. 3 The Federation Council consists of 178 members, or two from each of the eighty-nine subjects of the Russian Federation. Members of the council were elected by a majoritarian method in two-member districts, with each voter casting two votes and the top two candidates in each district receiving seats. This method was only used for the 1993 elections, however, and the Federation Council has been indirectly elected by regional governors and legislatures in all subsequent elections. 4 The lower house of the Federal Assembly is the State Duma. Its powers include the approval of the president's nomination for prime minister, although failure to approve the nominee three consecutive times makes the president constitutionally required to appoint his own candidate for prime minister, dissolve the Duma, and call new elections. The Duma also has the authority to declare its lack of confidence in the government as a whole; however, doing so twice within three months would also result in the dissolution of the Duma. 5 The Duma is also responsible for confirmation to and dismissal from certain positions, such 3 Sakwa, 133. 4 Sakwa, 134. S Stephen White, Russia's New Politics: The Management ofa Postcommunist SoCiety (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 64. PageS as Chairman of the State Bank, Chairman of the Accounting Chamber, and Commissioner on Human Rights. 6 It adopts federal legislation, which must be approved by the Federation Council, but it can override a rejection with a two-thirds majority on a second vote. After this process, legislation is still subject to presidential approval.? The Duma is composed of 450 members, half of which are elected in single-member districts, and the other half of which are elected through a proportional representation party list system. Members are elected to four-year terms, in elections held the year before presidential elections. Candidates in single-member districts need only a plurality of the votes to be elected. In the party list races, parties must win at least five percent of the vote in order to receive seats in the Duma; the seats are then assigned to individual members based on their ranking on the party list, i.e., the higher a candidate is on the list, the more likely he or she is to receive a seat. Votes cast for parties that receive less than five percent of the vote are redistributed to the winning parties based on the percentage of the votes each received. 8 6 White, 65. 7 Sakwa, 128. 8 Marsh, 60. Page 6 One of the first problems the constitution adopted in 1993 presented to party development in Russia was the fact that it wasn't adopted until 1993. A major stimulus for the development of parties and a party system is the electoral process itself. 9 After the fall of the Soviet Union in August 1991, it was over two years before Russia held a general election. Until the adoption of the new constitution in 1993, parties didn't even have an electoral system to work with, much less an election to begin campaigning for. Development of political parties also depends on the parties' base in the legislature. lo With no new elections held between August 1991 and December 1993, the parties that were forming had no such base to work with. The legislature was still composed of the old USSR Congress of Peoples' Deputies, who had no links to the new parties and were in no way accountable to them.II The Constitution of 1993 also hindered party development because of the circumstances under which it was adopted. When elections to the state Duma were finally held in December 1993, conditions were less than favorable 9 Robert A. Dahl, Political Oppositions in Western Democracies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966),349. 10 Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, trans. by Barbara and Robert North (London: Methuen, 1959), 183. 11 Sakwa, 176. Page 7 for running a campaign due to the military action taken against parliament three months earlier. The constitution was finally passed after a long stand-off between President Boris Yeltsin and the parliament that existed at the time under the old Soviet constitution.