University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2016 Pilgrimage, Spatial Interaction, and Memory at Three Marian Sites Katherine Rousseau University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Rousseau, Katherine, "Pilgrimage, Spatial Interaction, and Memory at Three Marian Sites" (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1129. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1129 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Pilgrimage, Spatial Interaction, and Memory at Three Marian Sites __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the University of Denver and the Iliff School of Theology Joint PhD Program University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by T.K. Rousseau June 2016 Advisor: Scott Montgomery ©Copyright by T.K. Rousseau 2016 All Rights Reserved Author: T.K. Rousseau Title: Pilgrimage, Spatial Interaction, and Memory at Three Marian Sites Advisor: Scott Montgomery Degree Date: June 2016 Abstract Global mediation, communication, and technology facilitate pilgrimage places with porous boundaries, and the dynamics of porousness are complex and varied. Three Marian, Catholic pilgrimage places demonstrate the potential for variation in porous boundaries: Chartres cathedral; the Marian apparition location of Medjugorje; and the House of the Virgin Mary near Ephesus. These three places are porous in that they emplace the interactions of different groups, fostering the permeability of boundaries between categories of pilgrimage and tourism, commercial place and devotional place, and cultural and spiritual value. They also show varied degrees of spatial porousness, either topographically or in their connection to surrounding areas of cultural heritage. Porousness is interdependent with contestation as proliferating audiences—including stakeholders, caretakers, marketers, and devotional and cultural participants—invite an array of interactions. Principal sources of contestation are multiple memory narratives (where people install or enact different memories about a place or image), heterogeneous audiences (where a wide demographic coincides and interfaces), and intermingled devotional and commercial places (where the pilgrimage marketplace does not merely overlap with devotional place, but merges with it). These sources of contestation combine in different forms at all three case studies, pushing their boundaries in physical and conceptual ways and calling into question how we define pilgrimage place. ii Table of Contents Introduction—Porousness, Contestation, and Pilgrimage Place..........................................1 Case Studies .............................................................................................................5 Theory and Method ................................................................................................12 Rationale and Significance ....................................................................................20 Outline of Project ...................................................................................................27 Chapter Two—The Global Dynamics of Place and Pilgrimage ........................................30 Reframing Pilgrimage ............................................................................................32 Place and Motion: Emplaced Contestation ............................................................44 Art History, Place, and Memory: The Shrine is Never Finished ...........................55 Pilgrimage Embedded in the World .......................................................................60 Chapter Three—Integrating Heritage Place and Sacred Place: Pilgrimage and Chartres Cathedral ................................................................................................................71 Chartres in Historical Context: Emplacing the Pilgrim in the Cult of Mary .........78 Contemporary Pilgrimage and Contestation at Chartres .......................................93 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................126 Chapter Four— The Fluid Pilgrimage Environment: Contestation and Memory at Medjugorje ...........................................................................................................134 Legitimacy at Medjugorje: Contestation from its Beginnings .............................139 Revelation and Topography: Emplacing Memory Narratives at Medjugorje .....150 Contested Memory in the Former Yugoslavia and the Bosnian War ..................178 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................192 Chapter Five—Links to History: Pilgrimage and the House of the Virgin Mary at Ephesus ................................................................................................................200 The House of the Virgin Mary: Asserting Historical Legitimacy .......................204 Memory Narrative of Dwelling in the Commercial Environment .......................213 Addressing Multiple Audiences: Quranic Display ..............................................227 Mary’s House as Global and Cultural Attraction ................................................233 The House in the Ephesus Ensemble: Palimpsest and Hypertext ........................244 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................256 Conclusion—The Facts of Distance and the Joys of Proximity ......................................265 Porousness and Contestation at the Three Case Studies ......................................267 Areas for Future Research ...................................................................................284 Pilgrimage Place, Unfinished...............................................................................285 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................287 iii List of Figures Figure 3.1. Sancta Camisia and reliquary, Chartres, France ..........................................130 Figure 3.2. Notre-Dame du Pilier, Chartres ...................................................................130 Figure 3.3. South transept central portal, Chartres ........................................................131 Figure 3.4. Exterior labyrinth, Chartres .........................................................................131 Figure 3.5. Shops facing south transept, Chartres .........................................................132 Figure 3.6. Mile marker for Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage outside West Portal, Chartres .......................................................................................................132 Figure 3.7. UNESCO World Heritage plaque on east cathedral grounds, Chartres ......133 Figure 4.1. First Joyful Mystery, the Annunciation, on Apparition Hill, Medjugorje ..196 Figure 4.2. Queen of Peace statue in plaza of St. James church, Medjugorje ...............196 Figure 4.3. Outdoor altar behind St. James church, Medjugorje ...................................197 Figure 4.4. Christ as Risen Savior statue by St. James church, Medjugorje .................197 Figure 4.5. First Station of the Cross, Jesus is condemned to death, on Cross Mountain, Medjugorje ..................................................................................................198 Figure 4.6. Cross at summit of Cross Mountain, Medjugorje .......................................198 Figure 4.7. Shops with Marian memorabilia, Medjugorje .............................................199 Figure 4.8. Blue Cross at base of Apparition Hill, Medjugorje .....................................199 Figure 5.1. Historical Notes, House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey ..................................259 Figure 5.2. Statue of Mary, House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey ....................................260 Figure 5.3. House exterior with lines, House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey ....................261 Figure 5.4. Prayer stand with statue of Mary, House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey ........261 Figure 5.5. Wellspring, House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey ..........................................262 Figure 5.6. Wishing wall, House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey .......................................262 Figure 5.7. Wishing wall close up, House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey ........................263 Figure 5.8. Display of Quranic verses, House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey ..................264 iv Introduction Porousness, Contestation, and Pilgrimage Place [S]he came to Bethlehem and entered into the cave where the savior was born….When she looked upon these things, I say, she protested in my hearing that she could behold with the eyes of faith the infant Lord wrapped in swaddling clothes and crying in the manger, the wise men worshipping him, the star shining overhead, the virgin mother, the attentive foster-father, the shepherds coming by night… –Saint Jerome on Paula’s fourth century pilgrimage to Holy Land sites1 After