HARNESSING THE POWER OF SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE: RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP NAVIGATIONAL MAP Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 SPORT SPORT AND CHILD & SPORT AND SPORT AND PERSONS SPORT AND HEALTH YOUTH DEVELOPMENT GENDER WITH DISABILITIES AND PEACE context context context context context evidence evidence evidence evidence evidence recommendations recommendations recommendations recommendations recommendations Chapter 7 CROSS-CUTTING RECOMMENDATIONS TO NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 MEMBERS AND MILESTONES RESOURCES GLOSSARY ACRONYMS PARTICIPANTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE 1 1 WHAT IS SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE? 3 1.1 Setting the Stage 3 1.2 Defining “Sport” in the Development Context 5 1.3 Sport’s Unique Contribution to Development and Peace 5 1.4 Sport and the International Human Rights Framework 7 1.5 Sport and the Millennium Development Goals 9 1.6 Limitations and Risks Associated with Sport 12 2 SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE STAKEHOLDERS 13 2.1 The Leading Role of National Governments 14 2.2 From the Field: the Contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations 15 2.3 Mobilizing the Sport Community: the Contribution of Sport Organizations 16 2.4 Supporting National Governments: the Contribution of the 17 United Nations 2.5 More than Just Funding: the Contribution of the Private Sector 18 2.6 Building the Evidence Base: the Contribution of Research 18 3 LOOKING AHEAD 19 II CHAPTER 2 SPORT AND HEALTH: PREVENTING DISEASE 23 AND PROMOTING HEALTH 1 CONTEXT: HEALTH, DEVELOPMENT AND SPORT 25 1.1 Health and Development 25 1.2 Sport as a Tool to Promote Health and Prevent Disease 27 1.3 Limitations of Sport in Achieving Health Outcomes 29 1.4 Sport, Health and the Millennium Development Goals 30 1.5 International Frameworks for Sport and Health 31 2 EVIDENCE: USING SPORT TO PROMOTE HEALTH 32 AND PREVENT DISEASE 2.1 Preventing and Managing Non-Communicable Disease 32 2.2 Preventing and Managing Infectious Disease 38 2.3 Enhancing Mental Health 50 3 RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS 56 3.1 Policy Recommendations 57 3.2 Program Recommendations 61 3.3 Harnessing the Contribution of all Sectors of Government 66 and Society CHAPTER 3 SPORT FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH: FOSTERING 75 DEVELOPMENT AND STRENGTHENING EDUCATION 1 CONTEXT: SPORT, DEVELOPMENT, CHILDREN AND YOUTH 77 1.1 Development, Children and Youth 77 1.2 Sport as a Tool to Promote Child and Youth Development 80 1.3 Limitations of Sport to Child and Youth Development 82 1.4 Sport, Child and Youth Development, and the Millennium 82 Development Goals 1.5 International Frameworks for Sport and Child 83 and Youth Development 2 EVIDENCE: USING SPORT TO STRENGTHEN CHILD 85 AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT 2.1 Enhancing Physical Health and Development 85 2.2 Strengthening Psychosocial Health and Development 92 III 2.3 Using Sport to Strengthen Child and Youth Education 104 2.4 Increasing Youth Employability and Employment 108 3 RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS 109 3.1 Policy Recommendations 110 3.2 Program Recommendations 113 CHAPTER 4 SPORT AND GENDER: EMPOWERING GIRLS AND WOMEN 125 1 CONTEXT: GENDER, DEVELOPMENT AND SPORT 127 1.1 Gender and Development 127 1.2 Sport as a Tool to Promote Gender Equity and Empower Girls 131 and Women 1.3 Limitations of Sport to Achieving Gender Equity and the 132 Empowerment of Women 1.4 Sport, Gender Equity and the Millennium Development Goals 133 1.5 International Frameworks for Sport and Gender 135 2 EVIDENCE: USING SPORT TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUITY 137 AND EMPOWER GIRLS AND WOMEN 2.1 Enhancing the Health and Well-Being of Girls and Women 137 2.2 Fostering Self-Esteem and Empowerment 143 2.3 Facilitating Social Support and Inclusion 145 2.4 Challenging Gender Norms 148 2.5 Opportunities for Leadership and Achievement 152 3 RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS 156 3.1 Policy Recommendations 157 3.2 Program Recommendations 160 CHAPTER 5 SPORT AND PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES: FOSTERING 167 INCLUSION AND WELL-BEING 1 CONTEXT: DISABILITY, DEVELOPMENT AND SPORT 169 1.1 Disability and Development 169 1.2 Sport as a Tool for the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities 171 1.3 Limitations of Sport to the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities 172 IV 1.4 Sport, Persons with Disabilities, and the Millennium 173 Development Goals 1.5 International Frameworks for Disability and Sport 173 2 EVIDENCE: USING SPORT TO FOSTER THE INCLUSION 176 AND WELL-BEING OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES 2.1 Using Sport to Reduce Stigma 176 2.2 Sport as an Agent of Socialization 178 2.3 Independence and Sport Participation 179 2.4 Using Sport to Empower Persons with Disabilities 181 2.5 Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities 183 3 RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS 185 3.1 Policy Recommendations 186 3.2 Program Recommendations 190 3.3 Harnessing the Contribution of all Sectors of Government 192 and Society CHAPTER 6 SPORT AND PEACE: SOCIAL INCLUSION, CONFLICT PREVENTION 201 AND PEACE-BUILDING 1 CONTEXT: PEACE, DEVELOPMENT AND SPORT 203 1.1 Peace and Development 203 1.2 Sport as a Tool to Prevent Conflict and Build Peace 206 1.3 Limitations of Sport as a Peace-Building Mechanism 208 1.4 Sport, Peace and the Millennium Development Goals 209 1.5 International Frameworks for Sport and Peace 210 2 EVIDENCE: USING SPORT TO PREVENT CONFLICT 210 AND BUILD PEACE 2.1 Using Sport to Promote Social Inclusion 211 2.2 Using Sport in Periods of Conflict 220 2.3 Using Sport to Build Peace in 224 Post-Conflict Situations 3 RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS 230 3.1 Policy Recommendations 231 3.2 Program Recommendations 232 V CHAPTER 7 DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS 247 1 CONTEXT: DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS 249 1.1 The Strategic Challenge 249 1.2 Adoption and Implementation of Sport for Development and Peace 250 1.3 Guiding Principles 251 2 RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS 252 2.1 Mobilizing Government Support and Action 253 2.2 Policy Development 257 2.3 Program Design and Implementation 260 2.4 Resource Mobilization, Partnerships and Collaboration 263 3 CONCLUSION 270 APPENDIX 1 SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE INTERNATIONAL 273 WORKING GROUP (SDP IWG) MEMBERS AND PARTICIPANTS SDP IWG Steering Group 275 SDP IWG Secretariat – Right To Play 276 SDP IWG Bureau and Executive Committee Participants 276 APPENDIX 2 SELECTED SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE MILESTONES 278 Phase 1: Embedding Sport Into International Human Rights Frameworks 278 Phase 2: Linking Sport To Development and Peace Initiatives 279 Phase 3: Emergence of a Global Movement 280 Phase 4: Momentum and Growth 281 APPENDIX 3 SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE RESOURCES 286 Key Publications 286 Key Organizations 291 Key Documents 295 Online Resources 298 APPENDIX 4 GLOSSARY 299 APPENDIX 5 ACRONYMS 302 VI LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 International Human Rights Covenants and Treaties 7 Table 1.2 The Millennium Development Goals 10 Table 1.3 Contribution of Sport to the Millennium Development Goals 11 Table 2.1 Leading Causes of Mortality and Disease Burden 26 (in disability-adjusted life years) Among Adults Worldwide, 2002 Table 2.2 Sport, Health and the Millennium Development Goals 31 Table 3.1 Sport, Child and Youth Development, and the Millennium 83 Development Goals Table 4.1 Sport, Gender Equity and the Millennium Development Goals 134 Table 5.1 Sport, Persons with Disabilities, and the Millennium 173 Development Goals Table 6.1 Sport, Peace and the Millennium Development Goals 209 Table 7.1 Reduced Public Costs Associated with Sport for Development 255 and Peace LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Sport for Development and Peace Timeline 4 Figure 2.1 “Mobile Management” Ecological Model of Factors 58 Influencing Physical Activity Figure 3.1 Physical Education — Development Functions 105 Figure 6.1 Peace-Building Interventions 206 Figure 6.2 Dimensions of Social Exclusion 212 Figure 6.3 Peace-Building Matrix 234 VII FOREWORD On behalf of the Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group (SDP IWG), we are pleased to present this publication, Harnessing the Power of Sport for Development and Peace: Recommendations to Governments, to national government policy-makers and the international Sport for Development and Peace community on the occasion of the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games. The SDP IWG was established in 2004 to articulate and promote the adoption of policy recommendations to governments for the integration of sport and physical activity into their domestic and international development strategies and programs. Harnessing the Power of Sport for Development and Peace: Recommendations to Governments fulfills the mandate of the SDP IWG to deliver comprehensive policy recommendations to national governments and represents the culmination of a four-year initiative. The SDP IWG emerged from the work of the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace. It was conceived at a roundtable forum during the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games by pioneer governments of Sport for Development and Peace and representatives from the UN. Since that time, participation in the initiative has grown to include more than 50 national governments, nine United Nations agencies, programs and funds, and numerous inter-governmental bodies, sport federations and civil society organizations (please see Appendix 1 for a complete list of SDP IWG members and participants). Harnessing the Power of Sport for Development and Peace: Recommendations to Governments has benefited from the involvement of diverse stakeholders: SDP IWG members contributed their expertise and input – both at regular meetings and through VIII targeted consultations. Representatives from 35 governments and 40 NGOs participated in personal interviews;1 and countless stakeholders from key UN agencies, civil society organizations, and the private sector participated in informal consultations on the margins of pertinent international forums and events.