S9086-S3-STM-A10 0910-LP-110-6159 VOLUME 1 REVISION 1 NAVAL SHIPS’ TECHNICAL MANUAL CHAPTER 555 - VOLUME 1 FMS VERSION SURFACE SHIP FIREFIGHTING THIS IS A SANITIZED VERSION FOR FMS OF CHAPTER 555 VOLUME 1, REV 13, DATED 1 JAN 2010 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C: DISTRIBUTION AUTHORIZED TO U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND THEIR CONTRACTORS: ADMINISTRATIVE AND OPERATIONAL USE (01 MAY 1988). OTHER REQUESTS FOR THIS DOCUMENT WILL BE REFERRED TO THE NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND (SEA-05P4). DESTRUCTION NOTICE: DESTROY BY ANY METHOD THAT WILL PREVENT DISCLO- SURE OF CONTENTS OR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DOCUMENT. PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND 1 AUG 2010 TITLE-1 / (TITLE-2 Blank)@@FIpgtype@@TITLE@@!FIpgtype@@ @@FIpgtype@@TITLE@@!FIpgtype@@ TITLE-2 @@FIpgtype@@BLANK@@!FIpgtype@@ S9086-S3-STM-A10 REVISION RECORD Revision No. Date Title and/or Brief Description/Preparing Activity 0 1 Jun 2009 This version sanitized for FMS Sales. Bars in margins indicate changes made to the original version (Rev 12). Paragraph(s) 555-1.1.5, 555-1.4.3.5, 555-1.7.5, 555-1.12.2, 555-1.12.4.3, 555-1.12.5, 555-1.12.5.5, 555-1.12.9.4, 555-2.4.2, 555-2.6.1, 555-2.6.2.1, 555-2.6.2.1.1, 555-2.7.10.3, 555-2.9.1.1, 555-2.9.1.8, 555-3.1.2, 555-3.1.3, 555-3.1.10.1, 555-3.1.10.2, 555-3.1.10.3, 555-3.1.10.4, 555-3.2.1.10, 555-3.3.2.3, 555-3.3.2.7, 555-3.3.2.8, 555-3.3.2.8.1, 555-3.3.2.8.3, 555-3.3.2.8.5, 555-3.3.2.8.7, 555-3.5.2.1, 555-3.5.2.3, 555-4.2.5, 555-4.5.1.1, 555-5.2.1, 555-6.2.1.2, 555-6.2.1.3, 555-6.2.1.3.3, 555-6.2.1.3.4, 555-6.2.1.3.5, 555-6.2.4.2, 555-6.2.5.2 and C. Table(s) 555-1-2, 555-1-9, 555-1-10, 555-6-1 and 555-6-2 Figure(s) 555-2-11, 555-2-12, 555-3-11 and 555-3-12 1 1 AUG 2010 This version sanitized for FMS Sales. Bars in margins indicate changes made to the Rev 13 US Navy version. Paragraph(s) 555-1.2.3.1, 555-1.5.5.2, 555-1.12.4.1 (Deleted), 555-1.12.4.2 (Deleted), 555-1.12.7.5, 555-1.12.7.6.1, 555-1.12.7.6.1.1, 555-1.12.7.6.2, 555-1.12.7.6.2.1, 555-1.12.7.6.3, 555-1.12.7.6.4, 555-1.12.7.6.5, 555-1.12.7.6.6, 555-1.12.8.1, 555-1.12.11.2.2, 555-1.12.12, 555-2.4.2, 555-2.4.4, 555-2.7.5, 555-2.9.1.1, 555-2.9.3.4, 555-2.13.3, 555-2.13.4, 555-2.13.7, 555-2.13.8, 555-2.13.9, 555-2.13.10, 555-2.13.11, 555-2.13.12, 555-3.1.1, 555-3.1.11, 555-4.3.3, 555-4.4.4, 555-4.5.1, 555-4.5.4, 555-4.8.6, 555-4.9.1.2, 555-4.11.2.10.6.1 (Deleted), A. and B. Table(s) 555-1-1 (Deleted) and 555-4-5 Figure(s) 555-2-9, 555-3-1, 555-3-13A and 555-4-16b REVISION RECORD-1 / (REVISION RECORD-2 Blank) REVISION RECORD-2 @@FIpgtype@@BLANK@@!FIpgtype@@ S9086-S3-STM-A10 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter/Paragraph Page 555 VOLUME 1 SURFACE SHIP FIREFIGHTING ......................... 1-1 SECTION 1 FIRE AND FIREFIGHTING AGENTS ........................ 1-1 555-1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1-1 555-1.1.1 GENERAL. .................................... 1-1 555-1.1.2 GLOSSARY. .................................... 1-1 555-1.1.3 REFERENCE LIBRARY. ............................. 1-1 555-1.1.4 SUGGESTED PUBLICATIONS. ........................ 1-1 555-1.1.5 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES. .......................... 1-1 555-1.1.6 EARLIER SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT. ................... 1-1 555-1.1.7 NEW SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT. ..................... 1-2 555-1.2 FIRE PREVENTION ................................... 1-2 555-1.2.1 MISSION. ..................................... 1-2 555-1.2.2 UNAUTHORIZED MATERIALS. ........................ 1-2 555-1.2.3 FIRE PREVENTION PROGRAM. ....................... 1-2 555-1.2.3.1 Persian Gulf Advisory. ....................... 1-3 555-1.3 CHEMISTRY OF FIRE .................................. 1-4 555-1.3.1 OXIDATION. ................................... 1-4 555-1.3.2 START OF A FIRE. ................................ 1-4 555-1.3.3 COMBUSTION. .................................. 1-4 555-1.3.3.1 Radiation Heat. ........................... 1-4 555-1.3.3.2 Radiation Feedback. ......................... 1-4 555-1.3.4 SELF-SUSTAINING REACTION. ....................... 1-5 555-1.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR COMBUSTION ........................ 1-5 555-1.4.1 FIRE TRIANGLE. ................................ 1-5 555-1.4.2 FIRE TETRAHEDRON. ............................. 1-6 555-1.4.3 FUEL. ....................................... 1-7 555-1.4.3.1 Solid Fuels. .............................. 1-7 555-1.4.3.2 Liquid Fuels. ............................. 1-8 555-1.4.3.3 Flammable Gases. .......................... 1-9 555-1.4.3.4 Explosive Range (Flammable Range). ............... 1-9 555-1.4.3.5 Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Fuel (HERF). ..... 1-13 555-1.4.4 OXYGEN. ..................................... 1-13 555-1.4.4.1 Oxidizing Materials. ......................... 1-13 555-1.4.5 HEAT. ....................................... 1-13 555-1.4.5.1 Spontaneous Heating. ........................ 1-13 555-1.4.5.2 Ignition Temperature. ........................ 1-14 555-1.4.5.3 Spark Ignition. ............................ 1-14 555-1.5 HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION .................... 1-14 555-1.5.1 GENERAL. .................................... 1-14 i S9086-S3-STM-A10 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph Page 555-1.5.2 FLAMES. ..................................... 1-14 555-1.5.3 HEAT. ....................................... 1-14 555-1.5.4 GASES. ...................................... 1-15 555-1.5.4.1 Carbon Monoxide. .......................... 1-15 555-1.5.4.2 Carbon Dioxide. ........................... 1-15 555-1.5.4.3 Other Fire Gases. .......................... 1-15 555-1.5.5 SMOKE. ...................................... 1-15 555-1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES .............................. 1-16 555-1.6.1 GENERAL. .................................... 1-16 555-1.6.2 CLASS A FIRES. ................................. 1-16 555-1.6.3 CLASS B FIRES. ................................. 1-16 555-1.6.4 CLASS C FIRES. ................................. 1-16 555-1.6.5 CLASS D FIRES. ................................. 1-16 555-1.7 BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPELLANTS AND EXPLOSIVES .... 1-16 555-1.7.1 COMPOSITION OF PROPELLANTS AND EXPLOSIVES. ......... 1-16 555-1.7.2 FIGHTING FLAMMABLE/COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID AND WEAPONS FIRES. ..................................... 1-16 555-1.7.3 HYPERGOLIC MIXTURES. .......................... 1-17 555-1.7.4 TORPEDO OTTO FUEL. ............................ 1-17 555-1.7.5 JP-10 MISSILE FUEL. .............................. 1-18 555-1.8 HEAT TRANSFER ..................................... 1-18 555-1.8.1 GENERAL. .................................... 1-18 555-1.8.2 CONDUCTION. .................................. 1-18 555-1.8.3 RADIATION. ................................... 1-18 555-1.8.4 CONVECTION. .................................. 1-19 555-1.9 COMPARTMENT FIRE DYNAMICS .......................... 1-19 555-1.9.1 FIRE GROWTH IN A COMPARTMENT. ................... 1-19 555-1.9.1.1 Growth Stage. ............................ 1-20 555-1.9.1.2 Flashover Stage. ........................... 1-20 555-1.9.1.3 Fully Developed Fire Stage. .................... 1-20 555-1.9.1.4 Decay Stage. ............................. 1-20 555-1.9.2 THRESHOLDS. .................................. 1-20 555-1.9.3 BACKDRAFT. .................................. 1-22 555-1.10 FIRE SPREAD ....................................... 1-22 555-1.10.1 GENERAL. .................................... 1-22 555-1.10.2 FIRE SPREAD BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS BY CONDUCTION. 1-22 555-1.10.3 FIRE SPREAD IN ELECTRICAL CABLEWAYS. .............. 1-24 555-1.10.4 DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH FIRES IN ELECTRICAL CABLEWAYS. ................................. 1-25 555-1.10.5 PREVENTION OF FIRE SPREAD IN ELECTRICAL CABLEWAYS. 1-25 555-1.11 THEORY OF EXTINGUISHMENT ........................... 1-25 ii S9086-S3-STM-A10 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph Page 555-1.11.1 METHODS. .................................... 1-25 555-1.11.2 REMOVING THE FUEL. ............................ 1-25 555-1.11.3 REMOVING THE OXYGEN. .......................... 1-25 555-1.11.4 REMOVING HEAT. ............................... 1-26 555-1.11.4.1 Water Extinguishing. ........................ 1-26 555-1.11.5 BREAKING THE COMBUSTION CHAIN REACTION. ........... 1-26 555-1.12 FIREFIGHTING AGENTS ................................ 1-26 555-1.12.1 PRIMARY AGENTS. ............................... 1-26 555-1.12.2 WATER. ...................................... 1-27 555-1.12.3 STRAIGHT STREAM. .............................. 1-27 555-1.12.3.1 Water Volume. ............................ 1-27 555-1.12.3.2 Electrical Hazard. .......................... 1-27 555-1.12.3.3 Effect on Class B Fires. ....................... 1-27 555-1.12.3.4 Heat Transfer Characteristics. .................... 1-27 555-1.12.4 WATER FOG. ................................... 1-28 555-1.12.4.1 DELETED .............................. 1-28 555-1.12.4.2 DELETED .............................. 1-28 555-1.12.4.3 Use On Flammable/Combustible Liquids. ............. 1-28 555-1.12.5 AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM. ..................... 1-28 555-1.12.5.1 Description. ............................. 1-28 555-1.12.5.2 Firefighting Advantages. ....................... 1-28 555-1.12.5.3 Use of Aqueous Film Forming Foam. ............... 1-29 555-1.12.5.4 Electrical Hazard. .......................... 1-29 555-1.12.5.5 Environmental Restrictions. ..................... 1-29 555-1.12.6 CARBON DIOXIDE. ............................... 1-29 555-1.12.6.1 General Characteristics. ....................... 1-29 555-1.12.6.2 Method of Extinguishing.