DEFENSE MECHANISM OF THE FOUR PHOTOGRAPHERS IN THE BANG BANG CLUB FILM A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for The Degree of Strata One (S1) NITA MAWADAH NUR 1113026000097 ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2019 ABSTRACT Nita Mawadah Nur, Defense Mechanism of the Four Photographers in The Bang Bang Club Film. A Thesis: English Language and Literature, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2019. This thesis aims to analyze the four war photographers in dealing with the horrible situation (violence, shooting gun, chaos, murder and death) at their workplace using Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis theory. The writer is uses qualitative method to analyze character and characterization of the four photographers. Based on the analysis, the writer finds that the four photographers experience different psychological condition. Ken Oosterbroek is a cold-hearted and ignorance person, Joao Silva is easily lost his temper, Greg Marinovich is a brave person, and Kevin Carter is a drugs addict. In order to deal with the horrible situation in their workplace, the four of them use several defense mechanisms for instance, repression, displacement, reaction formation, intellectualization, and rationalization. Keyword: photographer, psychoanalysis, defense mechanism i ii iii DECLARATION I hereby declared that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Jakarta, 26th March 2019 Nita Mawadah Nur iv ACKNOWEDGMENT In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful All praises belong to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe. Peace and blessing be upon Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his companion. Because of Allah SWT eternity favors blessed the writer so she could finish her thesis to gain the degree of Strata One of English Language and Letters Department in Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. This thesis is dedicated to the writer’s beloved parents and brother, for all their enormous love, uncountable supports as long as the writer process her thesis, and also never feel tired and bored for giving the writer advices, supports, and prayers. The gratitude is also dedicated to Saiful Umam, M.A., Ph.D., the Dean of Humanities Faculty; Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Department; Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Department; and all the lecturers of English Letters Department who had taught her during her study at UIN Jakarta. The writer also wants to express the sincere gratitude to her advisor, Mrs. Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum for her great patience, time, guidance, kindness, care, and contribution in correcting and helping the writer to finish this thesis. Thank v you for all her advices and helps that have been given to the writer, it is such an honor to have her as the writer’ advisor. May Allah bless always her. In addition, the writer would like to give appreciation and gratitude to: 1. Kak Afi, Teh Suti, Gingsul, Lepi, Ucung, and SHINee for always being there for the writer. 2. The writer’ friends in English Letters Department of 2013, thanks for the friendship, help, advice, and support. Thanks for all the precious moments spent together in happy, fun, sad, bad, or even in difficult situation the writer has during her study. 3. All the people and friends who helped the writer in finishing her study indirectly that cannot be mentioned one by one. May Allah bless and give the greatest award for them. Moreover, this research is expected to be useful for the writer herself and all the people who read it. Suggestion and criticism will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis. Jakarta, 18 Februari 2019 The Writer vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.......................................................................... i APPROVEMENT………………………………………………. ii LEGALIZATION………………………………………………. iii DECLARATION………………………………………………... iv ACKNOWLWDGMENT………………………………………... v TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………… vii CHAPTER I…………………………………………………….. 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………. 1 A. Background of study…………………………………. 1 B. Focus of the study…………………………………….. 4 C. Research question……………………………………... 4 D. Research methodology………………………………... 4 1. Method of research………………………………... 4 2. Objective of Research……………………………... 5 3. Technique of Data Analysis………………………. 5 4. Instrument of Research……………………………. 5 5. Unit Analysis……………………………………… 5 vii CHAPTER II…………………………………………………… 6 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK…………………...………… 6 A. Previous Research…………………………………… 6 B. Theories……………………………………………… 8 CHAPTER III………………………………………………….. 21 RESEARCH FINDINGS……………………………………..... 21 A. Character Analysis of The Four Photojournalists……. 21 B. Defense Mechanisms of The Four Photojournalists…. 31 CHAPTER IV………………………………………………..... 47 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION………………………… 47 A. Conclusion……………………………………………. 47 B. Suggestion……………………………………………. 49 WORKS CITED………………………………………………... 50 APPENDIX……………………………………………………… 53 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Photographers tell stories with their pictures. News photographers, photojournalists, reportage photographers, documentary photographers, and war photographers strive to find moments of visual eloquence that will make the stories they tell unforgettable (Ingledew 72). In specific, war photography has been approached as news photography, photojournalism, and documentary, with each photographer striving to create pictures that force viewers to choose sides (Ingledew 83). The photographers who work in these areas are able to reveal the unseen and unknown and to transport us to new worlds by creating powerful and indelible images. Some photographers want to create photographs that ask great questions of their viewers –and are even prepared to risk their lives to do so (Ingledew 72). War photographer does not only take a picture of the war, but also the situation after the war. They work in a dangerous place and face the horror of the battle-field almost every day. This kind of story becomes the inspiration for those who work in the creative industry such as author and movie director. There are books such as Here I am: The Story of Tim Hetherington, War Photographer (2013), It’s What I Do: A Photographer’s Life of Love and War (2015) and many more. In the movie field, many directors use this theme for their work such as War Photographer 1 2 (2001), An Unlikely Weapon (2008), The Salt of The Earth (2014), and many more. On the other hand, there is an interesting movie: The Bang Bang Club. The Bang Bang Club is a biographical drama film written and directed by Steven Silver and released in 2011. It is adapted from the autobiographical book The Bang Bang Club: Snapshot from a Hidden War co-written by Greg Marinovich and Joao Sliva. This movie is about four war photographers capturing the final days of apartheid in South Africa. They are known as The Bang Bang Club. Those four photographers are Greg Marinovich, Kevin Carter, Ken Oosterbroek, and Joao Silva. As war photographers, each member of the Bang Bang Club always look for troubles, and when they find it, they get as close as possible and try to get the best shot. They always face terrible things every day: violence, shooting gun, chaos, murder, and death. Sometimes it causes the psychological problem for the photographer. Feinstein said that “war journalists have significantly more psychiatric difficulties than journalists who do not report on war” (Feinstein 1570). All member of The Bang Bang Club has his ways of dealing with the horrible situation at his workplace. First, Ken Oosterbroek, he is the leader of the club. He is a professional photographer who tends to distance his own emotion and feeling from anything happen in his workplace. He always looks calm whenever terrible things happen. Unfortunately, Ken gets shot in his chest when taking pictures of some peacekeeper and he dies. Second, Joao Silva, he easily gets angry with simple things. 3 The third is Greg Marinovich, the last person who join the ‘so-called' The Bang Bang Club. He is also the bravest among the other members. He takes pictures of conflicted hostels that nobody believes he can do that. He wins Pulitzer Prize for his picture of a suspected Inkatha spy being simultaneously burned alive and hacked by a machete-wielding ANC fighter. When he takes this picture he stands feet away as the man is beaten, doused in gasoline and set aflame. Alongside, Greg still shoots the burning man who attempts to flee in agony. The accident traumatizes him. When he tells the accident to his editor with shaking eyes he stutters and trembles at the same time. He feels dilemmatic and the memory of that accident remains on his mind. The Star, newspaper where he works, does not want to publish the picture. The picture was sent by the other Bang Bang club members to AP (Associated Press). The last member of the club, Kevin Carter, also won the Pulitzer Prize for his picture of a little girl, bending over with hunger and dehydration, as she is eyed by a nearby vulture in Sudan. This picture becomes controversial since people questioning whether he should help the little girl or take a picture of her. Every time he is asked about that in the interview he always answers ‘I don’t know’. This is a universal dilemma for the journalist in the face of tragedy: to capture the terrible things that happen to their object of the photograph or to help them in the split of time. Ken Oosterbroek, Joao Silva, Greg Marinovich, and Kevin Carter face the same reality, situation, and condition but they react to them in different ways. Base on that issue the writer is interested to analyze how four of them dealing 4 with the horrible situation in their workplace by using Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis.