THE PROBLEM OF UNIVERSALS IN CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY Are there any universal entities? Or is the world populated only by particular things? The problem of universals is one of the most fasci- nating and enduring topics in the history of metaphysics, with roots in ancient and medieval philosophy. This collection of new essays provides an innovative overview of the contemporary debate on uni- versals. Rather than focusing exclusively on the traditional opposition between realism and nominalism, the contributors explore the com- plexity of the debate and illustrate a broad range of positions within both the realist and the nominalist camps. Realism is viewed through the lens of the distinction between constituent and relational ontolo- gies, while nominalism is reconstructed in light of the controversy over the notion of trope. The result is a fresh picture of contempo- rary metaphysics, in which traditional strategies of dealing with the problem of universals are both reaffirmed and called into question. gabriele galluzzo is a lecturer in ancient philosophy in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Exeter. michael loux is George N. Shuster Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. THE PROBLEM OF UNIVERSALS IN CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY edited by GABRIELE GALLUZZO MICHAEL J. LOUX University Printing House, Cambridge cb28bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107100893 C Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data The problem of universals in contemporary philosophy / edited by Gabriele Galluzzo, Michael J. Loux. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-107-10089-3 (alk. paper) 1. Universals (Philosophy) I. Galluzzo, Gabriele, editor. b105.u5p765 2015 111 .2 –dc23 2015003493 isbn 978-1-107-10089-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls, for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. For Jonathan and Francesco Contents List of contributors page ix Acknowledgments x Introduction 1 Gabriele Galluzzo and Michael J. Loux 1 An exercise in constituent ontology 9 Michael J. Loux 2 Against ontological structure 46 Peter van Inwagen 3 In defense of substantial universals 65 E. J. Lowe 4 A kind farewell to Platonism: for an Aristotelian understanding of kinds and properties 85 Gabriele Galluzzo 5 Universals in a world of particulars 114 John Heil 6 Is trope theory a divided house? 133 Robert K. Garcia 7 Tropes and the generality of laws 156 Sophie Gibb 8 On the origins of order: non-symmetric or only symmetric relations? 173 Fraser MacBride vii viii Contents 9 States of affairs and the relation regress 195 Anna-Sofia Maurin References 215 Index 225 Contributors gabriele galluzzo is a lecturer in ancient philosophy in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Exeter robert k. garcia is an assistant professor of philosophy at Texas A&M University sophie gibb is a senior lecturer in philosophy at Durham University john heil is a professor of philosophy at Washington University in St Louis and an honorary research associate at Monash University michael j. loux is George N. Shuster Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame e. j. lowe was a professor of philosophy at Durham University fraser macbride is a professor of philosophy at the University of Glasgow anna-sofia maurin is a professor of theoretical philosophy at the University of Gothenburg peter van inwagen is John Cardinal O’Hara Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame ix Acknowledgments The chapters collected in this volume had their origin in a conference on the problem of universals in contemporary analytic philosophy held at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Italy in July 2010. We wish first of all to thank the Scuola Normale Superiore for the financial support and for providing an ideal setting for philosophical discussion. Massimo Mugnai generously offered to co-organize the event and apply for funds. This is the place to express our sincere gratitude to him. Alex Oliver, Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra, and Dean Zimmerman also presented papers at the conference and greatly contributed to discussion. We are very grateful to them for their suggestions, criticisms, and comments, which helped all the contributors to shape their views and improve the final versions of their papers. Thanks go also to Giulia Felappi, Michele Ginammi, Gior- gio Lando, Laura Mari, Valentina Morotti, and Giacomo Turbanti, who helped with the organization of the conference and took an active part in the philosophical discussion. Most of all, they created a lively and intel- lectually stimulating environment, which added value to our proceedings. The conference attracted a number of visitors from Italy and beyond. We wish to thank all the participants for enriching the event with their active presence. We are very grateful to Hilary Gaskin for taking an interest in this book and considering it for publication. Thanks go also to two anonymous referees for Cambridge University Press, who made a number of insightful comments on the chapters and greatly improved the quality of the volume. While this volume was close to completion, we lost two dear friends and colleagues who greatly contributed to our project: E. J. Lowe and Francesco Del Punta. Besides being one of the contributors, Jonathan Lowe was also supposed to be co-editor of the volume. He conceived with us the initial idea of the project and constantly advised us on a number of philosophical and editorial matters. Most of all, however, he was a splendid person, a dear friend and a good example of how to do good metaphysics. x Acknowledgments xi Francesco Del Punta, too, played a crucial role in our project. He was the first to entertain the bold idea of bringing together philosophers and historians of philosophy to talk about the problem of universals. He co-organized with us the 2010 conference and ever since he provided unceasing encouragement in our attempts to bring the volume to comple- tion. He always remained for us a source of inspiration and a severe judge of the quality of our scientific enterprise. During the 2010 conference he said he would watch the end of our works from ‘a rather comfortable cloud.’ We do hope that the cloud is indeed comfortable. This volume is for Jonathan and Francesco. Introduction Gabriele Galluzzo and Michael J. Loux All but one of the chapters in this volume had their origin in a conference on the problem of universals in contemporary analytic philosophy held at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Italy in July 2010. The conference was part of a larger project under the direction of Francesco Del Punta on the problem of universals across the whole history of philosophy. The aim of the conference was to give a broad overview of the contemporary debate on universals, and to indicate the issues that promise to be crucial to future metaphysical investigation. It is difficult to provide an entirely uncontroversial characterization of what exactly the problem of universals is. This is due to the undeniable fact that the problem intersects with a large number of philosophical areas, ranging from metaphysics to semantics and also including philosophy of mathematics and epistemology. In the history of philosophy the problem has occasionally been described in semantic terms as the question as to whether or not the general terms of natural language refer to and so intr- oduce peculiar kinds of entities, universals, somehow distinct from the familiar particular objects of our everyday experience. Sometimes, philoso- phers in the past have also looked at the problem of universals as an emi- nently epistemic issue, mainly concerned with the nature of our concepts: do general concepts represent general or universal entities or do they simply represent particular entities in a general way? This volume is characterized by a distinctively metaphysical approach to the problem of universals. Con- tributors to the volume share the common assumption that the problem of universals is primarily a metaphysical and ontological issue, mainly con- cerned with how many categories of things we should introduce into our ontology: is the furniture of the world confined exclusively to particular entities? Or do we need to include in the catalogue of things that there are universals as well, i.e. entities that are shared or at least shareable by many particulars? To take this approach does not mean to deny that the problem 1 2 gabriele galluzzo and michael j. loux of universals may be significantly linked with a number of central areas in semantics and epistemology. However, semantic and epistemic issues are here regarded as interesting consequences of a fundamentally metaphysical problem. As the chapters indicate, this volume covers a broad range of topics on the nature and existence of universals and their relation to the particulars that exhibit them. Given the vastness of the contemporary debate on uni- versals and the many ramifications of the problem itself, it would have been impossible to aim at absolute exhaustiveness and completeness. Nonethe- less, we have tried to select those topics that have significantly shaped and continue to shape our understanding of one of the most enduring themes in the history of philosophy.