Outside Covers.qxd 1/31/02 8:12 AM Page 1 Media Reference Guide InCovers_Final.qxd 1/31/02 8:15 AM Page 2 Solar Arrays Spacewalking astronauts unfold one of Hubble's new highly efficient solar arrays that will provide 20 percent more power to the orbiting observatory. Power Control Unit SM3B astronaut installs replacement for Telescope's aging Power Control Unit. Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 3B Media Reference Guide Special thanks to everyone who helped pull this book together. Buddy Nelson – Chief writer/editor Mel Higashi – Design and layout Pat Sharp – Text and graphics integration Computer generated 3-D illustrations provided by Tim Cole, Kevin Balch, David Green, Nick Dellwo Background information provided by Brian Woodworth, Donna Weaver, Ann Jenkins, Monty Boyd, Ray Villard, Dave Leckrone Prepared by Lockheed Martin for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Who Was Edwin P. Hubble? ne of the great pioneers of modern astronomy, O the American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble (1889–1953), started out by getting a law degree and serving in World War I. However, after prac- ticing law for one year, he decided to “chuck law for astronomy and I knew that, even if I were second rate or third rate, it was astronomy that mattered.” He completed a Ph.D. thesis on the Photographic Investigation of Faint Nebulae at the University of Chicago and then continued his work at Mount Wilson Observatory, studying the faint patches of luminous “fog” or nebulae in the night sky. Using the largest telescope of its day, a 2.5-m reflector, he studied Andromeda and a number of other nebulae and proved that they were other star systems (galaxies) similar to our own Milky Way. He devised the classification scheme for galaxies that is still in use today, and obtained extensive Photo courtesy of the Carnegie Institution of Washington evidence that the laws of physics outside the Galaxy are the same as on Earth—in his own words: Edwin Hubble (1889–1953) at the 48-inch Schmidt telescope on Palomar Mountain “verifying the principle of the uniformity of nature.” In 1929, Hubble analyzed the speeds of recession of a number of galaxies and showed that the speed at which a galaxy moves away from us is propor- tional to its distance (Hubble’s Law). This discovery of the expanding universe marked the birth of the “Big Bang Theory” and is one of the greatest triumphs of 20th-century astronomy. In fact, Hubble’s remarkable discovery could have been predicted some 10 years earlier by none other than Albert Einstein. In 1917, Einstein applied his newly developed General Theory of Relativity to the problem of the universe as a whole. Einstein was very disturbed to discover that his theory predicted that the universe could not be static, but had to either expand or contract. Einstein found this prediction so unbelievable that he went back and modified his original theory in order to avoid this problem. Upon learning of Hubble’s discov- eries, Einstein later referred to this as “the biggest blunder of my life.” — ESA Bulletin 58 CONTENTS Section Page INTRODUCTION 1-1 Hubble Space Telescope Configuration 1-2 Optical Telescope Assembly 1-2 Science Instruments 1-4 Support Systems Module 1-6 Solar Arrays 1-6 Computers 1-6 The Hubble Space Telescope Program 1-6 The Value of Servicing 1-7 HST SERVICING MISSION 3B 2-1 Reasons for Orbital Servicing 2-1 Orbital Replacement Units 2-1 Shuttle Support Equipment 2-4 Remote Manipulator System 2-4 Space Support Equipment 2-4 Flight Support System 2-5 Rigid Array Carrier 2-5 Second Axial Carrier 2-5 Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment Carrier 2-6 Astronaut Roles and Training 2-6 Extravehicular Crew Aids and Tools 2-7 Astronauts of Servicing Mission 3B 2-8 Servicing Mission Activities 2-10 Rendezvous With Hubble 2-10 Extravehicular Servicing Activities—Day by Day 2-11 Future Servicing Plans 2-18 HST SCIENCE AND DISCOVERIES 3-1 Evolution of Stars and Planets 3-2 Elusive Planets 3-2 Stars Under Construction 3-4 Most Luminous Star 3-5 Earth’s Solar System 3-6 Death of a Comet 3-6 Crash on Jupiter 3-7 Mars Close-up 3-7 Dances of Light 3-8 Galaxies and Cosmology 3-9 “Dark Energy” 3-9 Black Holes 3-9 Starburst Galaxies 3-9 Stellar Kindergartens 3-10 The Evolving Universe 3-10 Summary 3-11 K1175_TOC i Section Page SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS 4-1 Advanced Camera for Surveys 4-1 Physical Description 4-3 ACS Optical Design 4-3 Filter Wheels 4-4 Observations 4-4 Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer 4-4 Instrument Description 4-5 NICMOS Specifications 4-6 Observations 4-7 Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph 4-7 Physical Description 4-7 STIS Specifications 4-10 Observations 4-10 Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 4-11 Physical Description 4-11 WFPC2 Specifications 4-13 Observations 4-14 Astrometry (Fine Guidance Sensors) 4-14 Fine Guidance Sensor Specifications 4-14 Operational Modes for Astrometry 4-14 Fine Guidance Sensor Filter Wheel 4-15 Astrometric Observations 4-15 HST SYSTEMS 5-1 Support Systems Module 5-2 Structures and Mechanisms Subsystem 5-3 Instrumentation and Communications Subsystem 5-6 Data Management Subsystem 5-7 Pointing Control Subsystem 5-9 Electrical Power Subsystem 5-11 Thermal Control 5-12 Safing (Contingency) System 5-13 Optical Telescope Assembly 5-14 Primary Mirror Assembly and Spherical Aberration 5-15 Secondary Mirror Assembly 5-18 Focal Plane Structure Assembly 5-19 OTA Equipment Section 5-19 Fine Guidance Sensor 5-20 FGS Composition and Function 5-20 Articulated Mirror System 5-21 Solar Arrays 5-21 Science Instrument Control and Data Handling Unit 5-22 Components 5-22 Operation 5-23 Space Support Equipment 5-24 Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier 5-25 Crew Aids 5-25 K1175_TOC ii Section Page HST OPERATIONS 6-1 Space Telescope Science Institute 6-1 Scientific Goals 6-2 STScI Software 6-2 Selecting Observation Proposals 6-2 Scheduling Telescope Observations 6-2 Data Analysis and Storage 6-2 Space Telescope Operations Control Center 6-2 Operational Characteristics 6-3 Orbital Characteristics 6-3 Celestial Viewing 6-3 Solar System Object Viewing 6-3 Natural Radiation 6-4 Maneuvering Characteristics 6-4 Communications Characteristics 6-5 Acquisition and Observation 6-6 VALUE ADDED: The Benefits of Servicing Hubble 7-1 Cost-Effective Modular Design 7-1 Processor 7-2 Data Archiving Rate 7-3 Detector Technology 7-3 Cryogenic Cooler 7-3 Solar Arrays 7-4 Simultaneous Science 7-4 GLOSSARY 8-1 K1175_TOC iii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1-1 The Hubble Space Telescope (HST)—shown in a clean room at Lockheed Martin 1-3 Space Systems Company – Missiles & Space in Sunnyvale, California, before shipment to Kennedy Space Center—is equipped with science instruments and engineering subsystems designed as Orbital Replacement Units. 1-2 HST overall configuration 1-4 1-3 HST exploded view 1-5 1-4 HST specifications 1-6 1-5 Organization summary for HST program operational phase 1-7 2-1 Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 3B Orbital Replacement Units 2-3 2-2 Servicing Mission 3B Payload Bay configuration 2-4 2-3 Flight Support System configuration—aft view 2-5 2-4 Rigid Array Carrier configuration 2-5 2-5 Second Axial Carrier configuration 2-6 2-6 Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment Carrier configuration 2-6 2-7 Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at Johnson Space Center 2-7 2-8 The STS-109 mission has seven crewmembers: (clockwise from top) Commander 2-9 Scott D. Altman, Pilot Duane G. "Digger" Carey, Mission Specialist Nancy Jane Currie, Mission Specialist John M. Grunsfeld, Mission Specialist Richard M. Linnehan, Mission Specialist James H. Newman and Mission Specialist Michael J. Massimino. 2-9 Detailed schedule of extravehicular activities during SM3B 2-11 2-10 Deployment of new rigid solar array 2-14 2-11 Change-out of Power Control Unit 2-15 2-12 Installation of the Advanced Camera for Surveys 2-16 2-13 Installation of NICMOS cooling system radiator 2-17 2-14 Redeploying the Hubble Space Telescope 2-17 3-1 A vast “city” of stars in 47 Tucanae 3-2 3-2 Planetary nurseries under fire in Orion 3-3 3-3 Vast star-forming region in 30 Doradus Nebula 3-4 3-4 A brilliant star at the Milky Way’s core 3-5 3-5 Hubble discovers missing pieces of Comet LINEAR 3-6 3-6 Mars at opposition in 2001 3-7 3-7 Auroral storms on Jupiter 3-8 3-8 Galaxy NGC 3310 ablaze with active star formation 3-10 3-9 Spiral galaxy NGC 4013 viewed edge-on 3-10 4-1 Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) configuration 4-2 4-2 ACS Wide Field Channel optical design 4-3 4-3 ACS High Resolution/Solar Blind Channels optical design 4-3 4-4 ACS CCD filters 4-4 4-5 SBC filters 4-4 4-6 NICMOS Cooling System (NCS) 4-5 4-7 Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) 4-5 4-8 NICMOS optical characteristics 4-6 4-9 NICMOS specifications 4-7 K1175_TOC iv Figure Page 4-10 Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph 4-7 4-11 STIS components and detectors 4-8 4-12 Simplified MAMA system 4-9 4-13 STIS specifications 4-10 4-14 Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC) overall configuration 4-12 4-15 WFPC optics design 4-13 4-16 WFPC2 specifications 4-13 4-17 Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) 4-14 4-18 FGS specifications 4-14 5-1 Hubble Space Telescope—exploded view 5-2 5-2 Hubble Space Telescope axes 5-2 5-3 Design features of Support Systems Module 5-3 5-4 Structural components of Support Systems Module 5-3 5-5 Aperture door and light shield 5-4 5-6 Support Systems Module forward shell 5-4 5-7 Support Systems Module Equipment Section bays and contents 5-5 5-8 Support Systems Module aft shroud and bulkhead 5-6 5-9 High Gain Antenna 5-6 5-10 Data Management Subsystem functional block