UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INFORMATION , - - . - ::.^_-^ DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS .\# TECHNICAL ,í5i>- Nos. 401-425 WITH CONTENTS PREPARED IN THE INDEXING SECTION UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PBINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1936 CONTENTS TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 401.—DESCEIPTIONS OF SOME NATIVE TRYPETID FLIES WITH NOTES ON THEIR HABITS (Foster H. Benjamin): Page Introductions -_ 1 Relationships and structural characters 2 Characters used in classification __^ 3 Economic importance of the group 7 Key to the genera and subgenera found in Florida ^_ 8 The genus Toxotrypana Gerstaecker _ _ _ 10 Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker 11 The genus Rhagoletis Loew ^___-- — 12 Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) ---. 13 Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) _ _ ^ _ _ _ 14 Rhagoletis zephyria Snow _______-_!_ 16 The genus Zonosemata, new genus 17 Zonosemata electa (Say) ___^______^______________, 19 The genus Myoleja Rondsini __-_ 20 Myoleja limata (Coquillett) _______^_ 21 The genus Procecidochares Hendel ^____^ ____^___: 22 Procecidochares australis Aldrich __^ _ 22 The genus Peronyma Loew ___!_____________ 24 Peronyma macúlala (Curran) __^ 24 The genus Eurosta Loew ^_^ ___, 26 Eurosta nicholsonif new species.___________________ ^ u _____ 27 Eurosta comma (Wiedemann)___ -. 28 Eurosta reticulaia Snow .. 28 The genus Paracan¿/¿a Coquillett ^^_^_ 29 Paracantha culta (Wiedemann) ___^ 30 Paracantha forficula, new species _____-__^_ 31 The genus Acidogona Loew 31 Acidogona melanura (Loew) .: 32 The genus Tomoplagia CoquWlei^t 32 Tomoplagia obliqua (Say) .-. 33 The genus Neaspilota Osten-Sacken ^__ 34 Neaspilota achilleae Johnson ___^ 37 Neaspilota alba (Loew) 37 Neaspilota punctistigma, new species- 38 Neaspilota dolosa^ new species 39 The genus Paroxyna Hendel 40 Paroxyna thomae (Curran) 41 Paroxyna picciola (Bigot) 42 The genus Xanthaciura Hendel 43 Xanthaciura insecta (Loew) - 44 Xanthaciura connexionisy new species 45 Xanthaciura tetraspina (Phillips) 46 The genus Acinia Robineau-Desvoidy 46 Acinia fucata (Fabricius) ____-_; ^ 48 The genus Euaresta Loew 49 Euaresta (Euaresta) bella (Loew) 50 The genus Dyseuaresta Hendel 51 Dyseuaresta mexicana (Wiedemann) . 51 The genus Trupanea Guettard_ 52 99743-34 1 2 CONTENTS TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 401.—Continued. Page The subgenus Trupanea Guettard 54 Trupanea ( Trupanea) dacetoptera Phillips 54 Trupanea (Trupanea) mevarna (Walker) 54 Trupanea ( Trupanea) ageratae, new species 5€ Trupanea {Trupanea) actinohola (Loew) 56 Trupanea ( Trupanea) ecliptaj new species 57 The subgenus Euarestoides, new subgenus 57 Trupanea (Euarestoides) abstersa (Loew) 58 The subgenus Tephritoides, new subgenus 58 Trupanea (Tephritoides) suhpura (Johnson) 59 Literature cited 91 TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 402.—BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF TREE HOPPERS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT TREES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST (M. A. Yothers): Introduction 1 Stictocephala inermis Fab 2 Distribution 2 Synonymy and common name 2 Food plants 3 Character and importance of injury 3 Description of stages ,._ 4 Life history and habits 7 Ceresa hasalis Walk 19 History and distribution 19 Synonymy and common name 20 Character and importance of injury 20 Food plants 21 Description of instars 21 Description of adult 21 Life history and habits 21 Ceresa huhalis Fab , 30 Distribution ._. 30 Synonymy and common name 31 ôharacter and importance of injury 31 Food plants 31 Comparison of ovipositors 32 Ceresa albidosparsa Stâl 32 Distribution 33 History 33 Description of adult 33 Position of eggs 33 Hatching 33 Nymphal instars 34 Heliria ruhidella Ball^ 34 Associated species of Membracidae 35 Dissemination 35 The relation of ants to nymphs 36 Natural control 36 Parasites 36 Other enemies 36 Natural protection 37 Preventive and control measures 38 Spraying against the eggs 38 Spraying against the nymphs 41 Cflean culture 42 Other possible control methods 42 Summary and conclusions 43 Literature cited , 44 TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 403.—HTDRION CONCENTRATION CHANGES IN RELATION TO GROWTH AND RIPENING IN FRUITS (Joseph S. Caldwell): Introduction 1 Review of literature 1 Materials and methods 4 CONTENTS ó TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 403.—Continued. ^*Kö Analytical results 5 Apples 5 Citrus fruits 20 Cherries 28 Berries 33 Tomatoes 42 Discussion 43 Summary 49 Literature cited —_ 51 TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 404.—THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE RED DATE SCALE, PHOENICOCOCCUS MARLATTI COCKERELL, AND ITS ALLIES (F. S. Stickney): Introduction 1 Illustrations 2 Abbreviations and symbols used on illustrations - 4 Host plants and geographical distribution 5 Comparative morphology 6 Egg 7 First stage 7 Second-stage female 12 Third-stage female 16 Adult female : 16 Second-stage male 18 Third-stage male 21 Fourth-stage male 22 Adult male 22 Classification 24 Subfamily Phoenicococcinae, new subfamily 26 Tribe Phoenicococcini, new tribe 26 Tribal characteristics 26 Keys to genera of Phoenicococcini 31 Genus Phoenicococcus Cockerell 34 Genus PalmaricoccuSy new genus 49 Genus Halimococcus Cockerell 79 Genus Platycoccus, new genus - — 107 Genus Thysanococcusj new genus 116 Relation to other coccids 143 Some Asterolecaniine and other forms 144 Some diaspine forms 151 Literature cited 162 TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 405.—FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE LARVAE OF THE SWINE KIDNEY WORM, STEPHANURUS DENTATUS (L. A. Spindler) I Economic importance of kidney worms 1 Scope of the investigation and the apparatus used: 2 Distribution of kidney-worm larvae on hog pastures 3 Longevity of infective kidney-worm larvae 4 Effects of various environmental conditions upon kidney-worm eggs and infective larvae ^ 8 Reaction of infective kidney-worm larvae to certain environmental stimuli 11 Migrations of infective kidney-worm larvae 12 Effect of growing cropp on land infested with kidney-worm larvae 14 Basis for control measures 15 Summary 16 Literature cited 17 4 CONTENTS TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 406.—A STUDY OF THE^RAW^COTTON AND THE YARN AND SHEETING MANUFACTURED FROM THREE GRADES OF AMERICAN UPLAND COTTON (Bureau of Agricultural Economics and the Bureau of Home Economics): Setting of the Problem, by Robert W. Webb, senior cotton technologist, Page Division of Cotton Marketing, Bureau of Agricultural Economics 1 The Manufacturing Procedure and Some Properties of the Raw Cotton, Intermediate Products, Yarns, and Fabrics, by Horace H. Willis, formerly senior cotton technologist, and Robert W. Webb, senior cotton technologist, Division of Cotton Marketing, Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics 2 Materials and methods____ .-: 3 Results of tests. 10 Conclusions ^ 23 Serviceability of the Fabrics, by Margaret B. Hays, assistant physicist, and Ruth E. Elmquist, assistant chemist, Textiles and Clothing Di- vision, Bureau of Home Economics : 24 Wearing test _^__ .... .... 25 Laboratory tests 26 Results. 29 Conclusions 48 Effects of Ironing Temperatures upon the Fabrics, by K. Melvina Downey, associate physicist, and Ruth E. Elmquist, assistant chemist, Textiles and Clothing Division, Bureau of Home Economics 48 Analysis of desized sheetings 49 Ironing equipment and procedure 51 Measurements of deterioration . 52 Discussion of results 58 Conclusions. 63 Summary -\ 64 Literature cited 66 TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 407.-^GROWTH IN SELECTIVELY CUT PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST (Walter H. Meyer): Introduction . 1 Purpose of the study 2 The forest 2 Methods of cutting 5 Methods used in former studies of growth in selectively cut stands 6 Methods used in this study 7 Factors influencing rate of growth in selectively cut stands 8 Site quality 8 Reserve volume 10 Tree class and structure ; 10 Spacing and release. ... 13 Composition 15 Growth cycles 15 Length of cutting cycle . 18 Mortality . 18 Predicting growth of selectively cut stands 19 The forest survey 19 Estimating average gross yields 21 Adjusting for site quality and structure 24 Adjusting for mortality 26 Adjusting for number of poles 26 Examples of growth predictions 27 Accuracy of growth estimates 28 Mortality 29 Comparison of release conditions in extensive stands with those on plots. 31 Use of stand-growth tables in choosing grade of cutting 33 Growth of the individual tree 37 Diameter growth rates for average release conditions 37 Correlation of site quality, release distance, and number of sides released with diameter growth 40 Correlation of crown length with diameter growth 43 Height growth in selectively cut stands 44 CONTENTS 5 TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 407.—Continued. Growth of the individual tree—Continued. F&ge Change in form after release 44 Bark thickness , ,_ 45 The reproduction stand 45 Height growth 46 Volume growth , 47 Selected references. ^-_____ 49 Appendix 51 Summary form used for plot data.. 51 Volume tables 52 TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 408.—PROPERTIES OF WHITE FIR AND THEIR RELATION TO THE MANUFACTURE AND USES OF THE WOOD (R,. P. A. Johnson and M. R.Brundage): Introduction- ,____- ,_,__-___-___ ^^ __. 1 Silvicultural importance _____,_-_ ___-^ 2 Lumber cut ^.-- 2 White fir forests _____________^___, 3 Effect of white fir on forest management .. 8 Merchandising practices ^^______ 10 Distribution of lumber cut --- -_- - --__ 10 Percentage of the cut going into various lumber items. 10 Sizes in which commonly marketed 11 Moisture content of lumber as marketed 12 How to distinguish white fir from other woods. 12 Descriptive properties of white fir ^^_ 13 Structure, color, and odor ojf wood ;._ 13 Heartwood content _.__ 13 Annual growth rings 14 Weight of the wood 14 Shrinkage 14 Characteristic defects . 17 Natural defects 18 Seasoning defects.