SEXUAL DEVIANCE AMONGST NON-SEX OFFENDERS: A SOCIAL LEARNING ANALYSIS By JASON BOWMAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Jason Bowman 2 To Mia 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the chair and members of my supervisory committee, and the participants in my surveys for being open and honest about extremely personal information. I would also like to thank my family for supporting me both emotionally and financially. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................14 Focus on the Sex Offender .....................................................................................................15 Fear of Victimization .......................................................................................................15 Medicalization of the Construct ......................................................................................16 Sampling Convenience ....................................................................................................17 Methodological and Statistical Problems ...............................................................................18 Construct Inaccuracy .......................................................................................................18 Sample Selection Bias .....................................................................................................19 Truncated Range of Scores ..............................................................................................20 Limited Data ....................................................................................................................21 2 REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE ...........................................................................23 Overview .................................................................................................................................23 Theories of Sexual Deviance ..................................................................................................23 Social Learning Theory ...................................................................................................24 Differential association ............................................................................................26 Differential reinforcement ........................................................................................26 Modeling ..................................................................................................................26 Definition .................................................................................................................27 Other Theories of Sexual Deviance .................................................................................27 Expressions of Sexual Deviance .............................................................................................28 Sexual Behavior ...............................................................................................................29 Prohibited ........................................................................................................................29 Non-Prohibited ................................................................................................................33 Sexual Fantasy .................................................................................................................34 Pornography ....................................................................................................................36 Masturbation ....................................................................................................................39 Assessments ............................................................................................................................40 Historical Assessments ....................................................................................................42 Self reports ...............................................................................................................42 Criminal records .......................................................................................................42 Collateral interviews ................................................................................................42 Physiological Assessments ..............................................................................................43 Abel assessment for sexual interest (AASI) .............................................................43 5 Vaginal and penile plethysmographs (PPG) ............................................................43 Polygraph .................................................................................................................44 Scales, Inventories and Questionnaires ...........................................................................45 Sexual interest card sort questionnaire – revised (SICSQ-R) ..................................45 Multiphasic sex inventory – second edition .............................................................45 Clarke sexual history scale for males .......................................................................46 Wilson sexual fantasy questionnaire ........................................................................46 Psychopathy check list – revised ..............................................................................46 3 METHODS AND MATERIALS ...........................................................................................51 Overview .................................................................................................................................51 Phase 1 ....................................................................................................................................51 Social Learning Theory ...................................................................................................51 Construct items .........................................................................................................51 Eliminate items .........................................................................................................52 Develop scoring method ...........................................................................................52 Sexual Deviance Inventory ..............................................................................................52 Construct items .........................................................................................................53 Collect community standards of deviance severity data ..........................................53 Eliminate items .........................................................................................................54 Format questionnaire ................................................................................................55 Develop scoring method ...........................................................................................55 Phase 2 ....................................................................................................................................56 Survey Administration .....................................................................................................56 Social learning theory scales ....................................................................................57 Sexual deviance measures ........................................................................................59 Other Measures ................................................................................................................60 Data Analyses .........................................................................................................................61 Pre-Study .........................................................................................................................61 Sample size ...............................................................................................................61 Phase 1 .............................................................................................................................61 Deviance severity data .............................................................................................61 Phase 2 .............................................................................................................................61 SLT data ...................................................................................................................61 Sexual deviance data ................................................................................................62 Relationship between SLT and sexual deviance ......................................................62 4 RESULTS ...............................................................................................................................65 Overview