Notes 1 Introduction 1. Quincy Wright, A Study of War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964, first published 1942) pp. 65-7. 2. Raymond Aron, Peace and War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966) p. 244. 3. Aron, p. 24. 4. Aron, p. 243. 2 Resources and Strategy to 1914 1. See Martin van Creveld, 'The Origins and Development of Mobiliza­ tion Warfare' in Gordon H. McCormick and Richard E. Bissell (eds) Strategic Dimensions of Economic Behavior (New York: Praeger, 1984) pp. 26-43. 2. Arnold Toynbee, Mankind and Mother Earth (Oxford: Oxford Uni­ versity Press, 1976) p. 88. 3. Geoffrey Kemp and John Maurer, 'The Logistics of Pax Britannica' in Uri Ra'anan et al. (eds) Projection of Power: Perspectives, Perceptions and Problems (Hamden: Archon, 1982) p. 30. 4. See Geoffrey Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567-1659 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972). 5. Raymond Aron, Peace and War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966) pp. 244-5. 6. John Evelyn, Navigation and Commerce (1674). Quoted in Aron, p.245. 7. Gordon H. McCormick 'Strategic Considerations in the Development of Economic Thought' in McCormick and Bissell, p. 4. 8. McCormick, p. 5. See Eli F. Heckscher, Mercantilism (London: Allen & Unwin, 1955); 'Revisions in Economic History, V, Mercantilism', The Economic History Review, vol. vii, 1936; and Jacob Viner, 'Policy versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the 17th and 18th Centuries', World Politics, vol. i (1948-49). 9. Heckscher, Mercantilism, vol. ii, p. 43. 10. See John H. Maurer, 'Economics, Strategy and War in Historical Perspective', in McCormick and Bissell, pp. 73-4. 11. See Henry Guerlac, 'Vauban: The Impact of Science on War' in Edward Mead Earle (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943) p. 39. 12. Herbert W. Richmond, The Navy as an Instrument of Policy (Cam­ bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953) p. 43. 13. See Maurer, 'Economics, Strategy and War', p. 75. 14. Quoted in E. M. Earle, 'The Economic Foundations of Military Power, in E. M. Earle (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy, p. 130. 15. Works of Alexander Hamilton, Henry Cabot Lodge (ed.) (New York: Putnam & Sons, 1904) vol. iv, p. 70. 16. Earle, 'Economic Foundations', p. 131. 186 Notes 187 17. Robert G. Albion, Forests and Sea Power; The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy 1652-1862 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1926), p. vii. See also P. W. Bamford, Forests and French Sea Power 1660-1789 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956). 18. Albion, p. viii. 19. Albion, p. ix. 20. Albion, p. x. 21. Albion, pp. xi-xii. 22. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1908) p. 693. 23. Aron, pp. 248-9. 24. Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (London: Macmillan, 1976) p. 130. 25. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire (London, 1892) vol. i, pp. 202-203. 26. D. T. Jack, Studies in Economic Warfare (London: P. S. King, 1940) p.2. 27. Kennedy, Rise and Fall, p. 131. 28. Kennedy, Rise and Fall, p. 131. 29. Bryan Ranft, 'The Protection of British Seaborne Trade and the Development of Systematic Planning for War, 1860-1906', in Ranft (ed.) Technical Change and British Naval Policy 1860-1939 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1977) p. 14. 30. Eli F. Heckscher, The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922) p. 364. 31. Jack, p. 41. 32. See George Lefebvre, Napoleon (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965) vol. ii, pp. 253-62. 33. The COl1voy Acts of 1793, 1798 and 1803 imposed this system on the bulk of British merchant ship owners. 34. Quoted in Martin Doughty, Merchant Shipping and War (London: Royal Historical Society, 1982) p. 3. 35. By 1800 French trade with Asia, Africa and America had been reduced to less than $356,000. See Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, vol. ii, pp. 218-20; and Lefebvre, Napoleon, vol. i, p. 43. 36. See Heckscher, The Continental System. 37. Jack, p. 17. 38. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, vol. ii, p. 289. 39. Aron, p. 250. 40. Quoted in Earle, 'Economic Foundations', p. 142. 41. Gottlieb Fichte, Ver geschlossene Handelsstaat (Berlin: Brockhans, 1800) p. 480. Quoted in McCormick, p. 16. 42. See Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy (New York: A. M. Kelley, 1977, first published 1841). 43. See Earle, 'Economic Foundations', pp. 144-53. 44. See J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1948, first published 1902). 188 Notes 45. Gerhard Ritter, The Sword and the Scepter: The Problem of Militarism in Germany (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1970) vol. i, p.188. 46. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism (London: Martin Lawrence, 1934, first published 1917) pp. 69, 71. 47. Lenin, Imperialism, p. 111. 48. William L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1840-1902 (New York: Knopf, 1965) p. 68. 49. Ritter, vol. ii, p. 108. 50. Jean De Bloch, from a prefatory interview with the author in The Future of War in its Technical, Economic and Political Relations (New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1899), pp. xvi-xvii. 51. Bloch, pp. xlii-xliv. 52. Idem. 53. Bloch, pp. lix-Ix. 54. Maurer, 'Economics, Strategy and War in Historical Perspective', p.63. 55. Michael Howard, 'Men Against Fire: The Doctrine of the Offensive in 1914', in Peter Paret (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy; From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986) p. 512. In the same volume, see also the discussion of Bloch by Walter Pintner, 'Russian Military Thought: The Western Model and the Shadow of Suvorov', pp. 365-6. 56. Arthur J. Marder, British Naval Policy 1880-1905 (London: Putnam, 1940) pp. 50-61. 57. Ranft, 'The Protection of British Seaborne Trade', p. 2. 58. Quoted in Ranft, 'The Protection of British Seaborne Trade', p. 2. 59. Marder, British Naval Policy 1880-1905, pp. 84-5. 60. Report of the Royal Commission on Supply of Food and Raw Materials in Time of War, Cd. 2643 (1905) pp. 4 and 17. 61. Arthur J. Marder, Anatomy of British Sea Power (New York: Knopf, 1940) p. 65. 62. Kennedy, Rise and Fall, p. 200. 63. David French, British Economic and Strategic Planning 1905-1915 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982) p. 12. See Report of the Royal Commission, Cd. 2643, p. 3. 64. Report of the Royal Commission, Cd. 2643, p. 3. 65. Quoted in Maurer, 'Economics, Strategy and War', pp. 75-6. 66. Russell F. Weighley, The American Way of War: A History of u.S. Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973) p. 180. 67. Doughty, p. 4. 68. Marder, Anatomy of British Sea Power, pp. 163-4. 69. Report of the Royal Commission, Cd. 2643, p. 28. 70. Idem. 71. Idem. 72. Report of the Royal Commission, Cd. 2643, p. 29. 73. Marder, British Naval Policy 1880-1905, p. 481. 74. A. Temple Patterson (ed.) The fellicoe Papers, Vol. I, 1893-1916 (London: Navy Records Society, 1968) p. 34. Notes 189 75. Jellicoe Papers, Vol. I, p. 35. 76. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1890) p. 138. 77. H. J. Mackinder, 'The Geographical Pivot of History', Geographical Journal, xxiii (1904) p. 434. 78. Kennedy, Rise and Fall, p. 198. 79. See Ranft, 'Protection of British Seaborne Trade', p. 1. 80. Langer, p. 434; and Ritter, vol. ii, pp. 137-58. 81. Bernard Brodie, Sea Power in the Machine Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941) p. 116. 82. Brodie, Sea Power in the Machine Age, p. 116; and John D. Alden, The American Steel Navy (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1971) pp. 129-30. 83. See Lamar J. R. Cecil, 'Coal for the Fleet That Had to Die', The American Historical Review, vol. 69 (1964) no. 4. 84. Kemp and Maurer, p. 39. See Winston Churchill, The World Crisis 1911-1914 (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1923) pp. 129-34. 85. Churchill, The World Crisis, p. 132. 86. Quoted in Leonard Mosley, Power Play: Oil in the Middle East (Baltimore: Penguin, 1974) p. 23. 87. Michael Lewis, The Navy of Britain: A Historical Portrait (London: Allen & Unwin, 1948) p. 127. 88. E. M. Earle, Turkey, the Great Powers and the Baghdad Railway (New York: Macmillan, 1924) pp. 46-7. 89. C. M. Cipola (ed.) Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. iv, Part 2 (London: Fontana, 1973) Statistical Appendix. Cited in Van Creveld, 'Mobilization Warfare', p. 27. 90. Earle, Baghdad Railway, p. 50. 91. Earle, Baghdad Railway, p. 50. 92. Ibid., p. 51. 93. Earle, Baghdad Railway, p. 51. 94. Idem. 95. Fritz Fischer, Germany's Aims in the First World War (New York: Norton, 1961) p. 21. 96. Earle, Baghdad Railway, p. 205. 3 Resource Access and Denial in World War I 1. Van Creveld, 'The Origin and Development of Mobilization Warfare' in McCormick and Bissell, p. 25. 2. Van Creveld, 'Mobilization Warfare', p. 27. 3. Van Creveld, 'Mobilization Warfare', pp. 27....!d. See also John Ter­ raine, 'The Achievements of World. War 1'; lecture given at the RUSI, London, 23 June 1982. Published in the RUSI Journal, vol. 127 (December 1982) no. 4. Terraine points to the very considerable achievement of the professional military in adapting to rapid technolo­ gical change over the course of the war. 4. Based on Van Creveld, 'Mobilization Warfare', pp. 28-9. 5. F. P. Chambers, The War Behind the War 1914-1918 (London: Faber & Faber, 1934) p.