ISSN 1174-0310 THE CHURCH OF MELANESIA 1849 – 1999 1999 SELWYN LECTURES Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Founding of The Melanesian Mission EDITED BY ALLAN K. DAVIDSON THE COLLEGE OF ST JOHN THE EVANGELIST Auckland, New Zealand ISSN 1174-0310 THE CHURCH OF MELANESIA 1849 – 1999 1999 SELWYN LECTURES Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Founding of The Melanesian Mission EDITED BY ALLAN K. DAVIDSON THE COLLEGE OF ST JOHN THE EVANGELIST Auckland, New Zealand 2000 © belongs to the named authors of the chapters in this book. Material should not be reproduced without their permission. ISBN 0-9583619-2-4 Published by The College of St John the Evangelist Private Bag 28907 Remuera Auckland 1136 New Zealand TABLE OF CONTENTS Contributors 4 Foreword 5 1. An ‘Interesting Experiment’ – The Founding of the Melanesian Mission 9 Rev. Dr Allan K. Davidson 2. ‘Valuable Helpers’: Women and the Melanesian Mission in the Nineteenth Century 27 Rev. Dr Janet Crawford 3. Ministry in Melanesia – Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow 45 The Most Rev. Ellison Pogo 4. Missionaries and their Gospel – Melanesians and their Response 62 Rev. Canon Hugh Blessing Boe 5. Maori and the Melanesian Mission: Two ‘Sees’ or Oceans Apart 77 Ms Jenny Plane Te Paa CONTRIBUTORS The Reverend Canon Hugh Blessing Boe comes from Vanuatu. He was principal of the Church of Melanesia’s theological college, Bishop Patteson Theological College, at Kohimarama, Guadalcanal 1986 to 1995. He undertook postgraduate study at the University of Oxford and has a master’s degree from the University of Birmingham. He is currently enrolled as a Ph.D. student at the University of Auckland and is the bishop elect of Vanuatu. The Reverend Doctor Janet Crawford teaches at St John’s College and is an honorary lecturer in theology in the University of Auckland. She has a particular interest in women in the Christian tradition. As a long term project she is undertaking research on the women in the Melanesian Mission with the intention of writing a book on this topic. The Reverend Doctor Allan Davidson teaches at St John’s College and is an honorary lecturer in theology in the University of Auckland. His areas of particular interest are the history of Christianity in New Zealand and the South Pacific and Protestant missionary history. Ms Jenny Plane-Te Paa teaches at St John’s College, is an honorary lecturer in theology in the University of Auckland and is Te Ahorangi o Te Whare Wananga o Te Rau Kahikatea, the theological college of Te Pihopatanga o Aotearoa. She has degrees in theology and education and is working on a PhD through the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California. The Most Reverend Ellison Pogo was Bishop of the Diocese of Ysabel in the Solomons Islands 1981-94. He has been Archbishop of the Church of Melanesia since 1994. He was a student at St John’s College 1977-79. Note on usage The islands named by Captain Cook the ‘New Hebrides’ were renamed ‘Vanuatu’ at independence in 1980. In some places in these essays ‘Vanuatu’ is used in the pre- independence context. Electronic Copy Please note that the pagination of the electronic copy of the lectures is different from the printed copy. In citing this electronic copy the name of the author, chapter title, URL and the date accessed should be included. FOREWORD It was very appropriate that during the week of the 22 to 26 February 1999 the Selwyn Lectures at the College of St John the Evangelist in Auckland were devoted to commemorating the sesqui-centenary of the founding of the Melanesian Mission and what has become the Church of the Province of Melanesia. George Augustus Selwyn, as Bishop of New Zealand, in 1849 both inspired and inaugurated what became the Melanesian Mission. The first five students he recruited were brought to the college he founded and during the first ten years of the Mission, St John’s served as its base and training institution. Some of the first baptisms of Melanesians took place in the chapel and a number of memorial plaques and windows there remind people of the close association between St John’s and the people of Melanesia. Four Melanesians are buried in the College cemetery. The midpoint of the 1999 lectures, 24 February, St Matthias Day, marked the anniversary of the consecration in 1861 of John Coleridge Patteson as the first Missionary Bishop of Melanesia. The Selwyn Lectureship was named in memory of Bishop Selwyn and began in 1965. Originally it was conceived as a way of bringing visiting scholars of international standing to lecture at the College and in other places throughout the country. This emphasis has continued but it has been complemented in recent years by alternating overseas visitors with New Zealand lecturers who have been encouraged to take up themes particularly relevant to New Zealand church and society. The 1999 lectures brought together five lecturers from Melanesia and New Zealand under the title: ‘The Church of Melanesia 1849 – 1999: marking the 150th anniversary of the founding of the Melanesian Mission’. The five lectures reprinted here bring together very different insights and perspectives into aspects of the history of the Melanesian Mission and the challenges facing the Church of Melanesia in the present and future. There was no attempt in these lectures to provide an overall history of the Mission and the Church. The Mission has been well served by historians who have told the history of its early years, notably E.S. Armstrong, Charles Fox, David Hilliard and Ruth Ross and through the biographies and studies of its founder and its first bishop.1 There are also important articles dealing with aspects of the history of the Mission and several of the lectures in this series draw on them. Allan Davidson in his lecture places the founding of the Mission within its wider historical context. He examines the reasons why Selwyn began the Mission and relates this to the debates in Anglican circles at the time about the nature of mission and whether it was the obligation of either the church or voluntary societies to undertake this work. The sesqui-centenary of the Melanesian Mission coincided with the bicentenary of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) which was founded in 1799. The clash between Selwyn, with his understanding of the role of the missionary bishop, and Henry Venn, a secretary of the CMS who feared ‘episcopal autocracy’, points to underlying missiological debates and tensions within the Anglican Church in the nineteenth century. The adoption by Selwyn and Patteson of the principle of comity and their generally positive attitude towards Melanesian peoples and culture, which this lecture describes, left a deep imprint on the Mission and the way in which it went about its work. One dimension which is largely missing in the printed histories of the Melanesian Mission was the role and contribution of women missionaries. Janet Crawford has undertaken pioneering work in this area.2 Her lecture expands on this, drawing attention to the reasons why Melanesian girls and women were brought to New Zealand and Norfolk Island for training. Attention is also given to the significant role European women missionaries played at Norfolk Island in the nineteenth century and the beginnings of their move to live and work in the islands of Melanesia. The indigenous voice has seldom been heard in the telling of the history of the Mission. The autobiography of George Sarawia is a unique exception.3 Little has been told of the more recent history of either the Melanesian Mission since the Second World War or the Church of Melanesia which came into being in 1975. There are no specialist studies by Melanesians in these areas. The work of people like Alan Tippett, Darrell Whiteman and Ben Burt provide glimpses into dimensions of both the Mission and the Church. Leslie Fugui, as a Melanesian and Anglican priest, gave a very brief overview of religion in the Solomon Islands.4 There is a need, however, for more extensive historical research and writing and it is to be hoped that Melanesians will make contributions in this area in the not too distant future. In examining issues relating to ministry and mission, the Most Reverend Ellison Pogo, Archbishop of Melanesia, provides a comprehensive historical overview of both the Mission up until 1974 and the recent challenges brought to the Church since it became a separate province in 1975. The gaining of political independence in both the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and the profound social and economic changes which independence has brought have challenged the Church to provide leadership and promote appropriate development within these countries. In looking to the future the Archbishop examines the importance of training for leadership, the place of women, the role of the local church, ecumenism and mission to the wider world. Hugh Blessing Boe as a ni-Vanuatu who has lived and worked for many years in the Solomon Islands, including a period as principal of Bishop Patteson Theological College, and now as a member of the St John’s College community and a doctoral student at the University of Auckland, gives a Melanesian perspective on the nature of conversion in Melanesia. His lecture points to the dynamic relationship between, on the one hand, the missionaries and their message, and on the other, the Melanesians and their reception of Christianity within their own culture and society, often in ways that the missionaries did not expect. He raises important questions about the nature of Christianity in Melanesia and the challenges facing the churches that have come from missionary activity. Only passing references in the printed histories and accounts have been given to Maori and their relationships with Melanesians, the Mission and the Church.