THAT WOMAN Media Portrayals, Public Discussions, and the Moralist Shaming of Monica Lewinsky Kaitlin Donahoe Undergraduate Senior Thesis, Department of History Barnard College, Columbia University Thai Jones, Faculty Advisor April 2016 DONAHOE 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 Timeline ……………………………………………………………………………………….....… 3 Introduction ……………………………………………………….…………………………………… 4 Chapter One: Breaking Story …………………………………………………………………..……………………....... 9 Chapter Two: The Starr Report …………………………………………………………………………………………... 22 Chapter Three: The Tripp Tapes …………………………………………………………………………………………... 33 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………... 46 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 50 DONAHOE 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe my thanks to a number of people who guided and supported me throughout this project. To my thesis advisor Thai Jones, who pushed my thinking and patiently edited my drafts. His care and confidence has made this process a rewarding one. To Professors Premilla Nadasen and Rebecca Jordan-Young, who not only aided in my research, but have had a profound effect on my personal feminism and worldview. My understanding of these events would be cursory without them. To Nancy Jo Sales, whose work has inspired me throughout my academic career, and whose passion and mentorship informed this project. To my friends, who have challenged and championed me, and listened as I developed my thesis and struggled with my findings. In particular, I’d like to thank Nicole Staake and Sarah Krantz, who are loyal, understanding, and so singularly supportive of all that I do, and Sophie Strauss and Kyra Lunenfeld, my lifetime sisters in arms. To my mom, who encouraged ambition, and my dad, who encouraged compassion. And to my brother Brian, who explained to me at an early age the persistence and nuance of sexism, and pushed me to push back. And finally to Monica Lewinsky, who is brave in the face of cruelty and remains a feminist icon. DONAHOE 3 Monica Lewinsky and Bill Clinton outside the Oval Office in 1995. DONAHOE 4 INTRODUCTION In March of 2015, Monica Lewinsky took the main stage at a TED conference in Vancouver to deliver a speech about the lasting effects of public humiliation appropriately entitled, The Price of Shame. Bowing to the criticism that chastised her for “capitalizing” on her “notoriety,” Lewinsky had remained largely silent for over 10 years. In re-entering the public sphere, she hoped to take charge of her own narrative, call for a re-evaluation of her past, and encourage others who faced similar shaming, which, she argued, had only been exacerbated by the rise of the internet. “In 1998,” she said in her speech, “I lost my reputation and my dignity. I lost almost everything, and I almost lost my life.”1 Now, I admit I made mistakes…But the attention and judgment that I received, not the story, but that I personally received, was unprecedented. I was branded a tramp, tart, slut, whore, bimbo, and of course, that woman. I was seen by many but actually known by few…It was easy to forget that that woman was dimensional, had a soul, and was once unbroken.2 In January 1998, during independent council Kenneth Starr’s four year investigation into the Clinton White House, Pentagon employee Linda Tripp approached Starr with over 20 hours worth of taped conversations between her and her co-worker, Monica Lewinsky. Days earlier, Lewinsky had submitted a sworn affidavit in former Arkansas state employee Paula Jones’ sexual harassment civil suit against the now sitting president, Bill Clinton. In her statement, Lewinsky, listed as Jane Doe #6, formally denied participating in an affair with the president. Tripp’s tapes however, refuted this statement as Lewinsky, unaware she was being recorded, went into explicit detail over 1 Monica Lewinsky, “Monica Lewinsky: The Price of Shame,” filmed March 2015, TED video, 22:26, posted March 2015. 2 Ibid. DONAHOE 5 the course of several months as to her nearly two year relationship with Clinton, and implicated him and his advisors in encouraging Lewinsky to lie about the affair under oath. Soon after Tripp’s meeting, Starr arranged to have Tripp wear an FBI wire during a lunch with Lewinsky at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel near Washington DC. During this lunch, Lewinsky encouraged Tripp to lie if ever approached to testify about her affair with Clinton. Several days later, Attorney General Janet Reno approved Starr’s request to expand his inquiry to include, among other things, Clinton’s relationship with Lewinsky and involvement in the possible coercion of perjury and obstruction of justice in the Jones civil suit.3 The next day, Starr, Tripp, and the FBI arranged a sting operation at the Pentagon City mall during which investigators interrogated Lewinsky for over nine hours, discouraged her from contacting her attorney, and threatened her with 27 years in jail for filing a false affidavit should she not cooperate with their requests.4 As Lewinsky learned of Tripp’s betrayal and began to understand the scope of her predicament, Clinton denied having a sexual relationship with Lewinsky under oath during his own deposition in the Jones case, ostensibly perjuring himself.5 On January 19th, the Drudge Report, an online political gossip site, reported on Newsweek Magazine’s decision to pull a story alleging an affair between President Clinton and a White House intern, marking the first major news story to be broken on the internet.6 Within days, allegations regarding Clinton and Lewinsky spread around the world. While Clinton publicly denied the relationship – 3 Monica in Black and White. Directed by Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato. New York, NY: HBO, 2002. 4 Monica Lewinsky. "Shame and Survival." Vanity Fair, June 2014. 5 Monica in Black and White. 6 Matt Drudge, "Newsweek Kills Story on White House Intern, Blockbuster Report: 23-Year-Old, Former White House Intern, Sex Relationship with the President." Drudge Report. January 18, 1998.; Monica Lewinsky, “Monica Lewinsky: The Price of Shame.” DONAHOE 6 famously remarking in one press conference, “I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky” – 24-year-old Monica Lewinsky became America’s mistress.7 Aided in no small part by the relatively new 24-hour-news cycle and the world’s growing dependence on the internet, the affair became a non-stop media sensation. Rumors of the contents of Tripp’s tapes circulated, leading to months worth of speculation over Lewinsky’s personality, the details of the affair, and a blue dress supposedly stained with the president’s semen. Throughout this yearlong – to paraphrase Lewinsky – sexual, political, legal, and media maelstrom, during which he became only the second president to ever be impeached, Clinton maintained some of the most impressive public approval ratings of any modern president.8 Public support for Clinton and his administration remained in the mid-to-high-60 percent range, occasionally breaking 70 percent even as the House of Representatives voted to impeach.9 For Lewinsky however, 1998 marked the beginning of massive public discussions, analyses, critiques, and shaming experienced on global scale. Though Clinton had been accused of sexual misconduct by four different women, and was in the midst of a high profile sexual harassment suit brought by Jones, who alleged that he had propositioned and exposed himself to her while Governor of Arkansas, it was largely Lewinsky who captured the media’s scrutiny.10 Jacob Rowbottom, an academic and professor of law at the University of Oxford, argued public shaming serves three goals: to punish, inform, and criticize. In his noted 7 “Clinton’s Comments Denying an Affair,” New York Times, January 27, 1998. 8 Monica Lewinsky, “Monica Lewinsky: The Price of Shame.”; Brian Newman, “Bill Clinton’s Approval Ratings: The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same,” Political Research Quarterly 55, no. 4 (December 2002): 785-786. 9 Brian Newman, “Bill Clinton’s Approval Ratings.” 10 Peter Barker and Lois Romano, “President Asks Court to Toss Out Paula Jones Case: No Distress or Career Harm Is Evident, Motion Argues,” Washington Post, February 18, 1998. DONAHOE 7 essay, To Punish, Inform, and Criticize: The Goals of Naming and Shaming, Rowbottom defined “naming and shaming” as disclosing “information about an identified person or body, which either seeks to induce shame in that person, or at least express judgment that the person ought to feel ashamed of themselves.”11 Though the three goals overlap, and often work in conjunction with one another, each can be separated in the abstract to reveal the persistence and aims of public shaming. I’ve expanded on Rowbottom’s work to include theories on gender and sexual shaming.12 In researching this project however, I’ve found a distinct lack of scholarship on the particular intersection of female sexual shaming. Michael Warner, for example, in his seminal work on shaming, The Trouble With Normal, argued the politics of sexual shame work as means of social control, utilized to identify and extinguish variant sexualities in favor of a universal acceptable form of sexual expression. Published in 2000, Warner’s examination of public shaming even used the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal as a crucial reference point, but notably focused on President Clinton’s experience, not Lewinsky’s, in highlighting the pervasiveness and power of sexual shame. While Clinton did face embarrassment, public exposal, and scrutiny of his sex life, much of the attention focused on him pertained to an arguably politically motivated and sensationalized framing of possible impeachable offenses. Lewinsky, on the other hand, was a private citizen. Warner’s subject choice then, added to a growing collection of works that ignore the ways in which sexual shaming is often 11 Jacob Rowbottom, “To Punish, Inform, and Criticise: The Goals of Naming and Shaming,” in Media and Public Shaming, ed. Julian Petley (London: I.B. Tauris, 2013), 1-2. 12 Laina Y. Bay-Cheng, “The Agency Line: A Neoliberal Metric for Appraising Young Women’s Sexuality,” Springer Science and Business Media, (1993): 279-291.; Camille Nurka.