We provide information and advice to our customers to the best of our knowledge and ability, but without obligation or liability. Existing laws and regulations are to be observed in all cases by our customers. This also applies in respect to any rights of third parties. Our information and advice do not relieve our customers of their own responsibility for checking the suitability of our products for the envisaged purpose. LabTools Tables for laboratory use EMD Millipore Corp. is a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany Tables for laboratory use Tables LabTools www.vwr.com/emdmillipore EMD Millipore and the M logo are registered trademarks of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. LAm-15-11709 8/2015 © 2015 EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA 01821, U.S.A. All rights reserved. LabTools LabTools offers you tables with all the information you need while working with chemicals. Moreover, our tables which are compiled in this booklet, will help you to communicate the basic rules in your laboratory in an easy and comprehensive manner. For any further information please contact your local agent EMD Millipore at a glance EMD Millipore is a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, the oldest pharmaceutical and chemical company in the world. Its roots date back to the year 1668. Around 39,000 people in 66 countries develop pharmaceutical, chemical and life science innovations. Merck manages its operating activities under the umbrella of Merck KGaA, which was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 1995 and was admitted to the DAX® in June 2007. Around 30 % of the total capital is publicly traded, while the Merck family, as general partner, indirectly holds around 70 %. Merck KGaA operates in four divisions: EMD Millipore – With the EMD Millipore division, Merck KGaA is a lead- ing life science company. The portfolio comprises products and services for the life science industry: test systems, biomarkers and target solutions, as well as bioprocessing, lab water purification and filtration systems. These are used by customers working in research and analytical laboratories as well as in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Additionally, the division supplies specialty chemicals mainly to regulated markets, for example the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. Analytical and scientific laboratories use the reagents and test kits supplied by the division. In total, the EMD Millipore portfolio comprises more than 40,000 products and processes. Performance Materials – EMD Chemicals is the global leader in the liquid crystals market. They are used around the globe: in LCD televisions, moni- tors, tablet computers, notebooks and mobile phones. The Performance Materials division additionally focuses on materials for energy-saving lighting using LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and OLEDs (organic LEDs), as well as for OLED smartphone displays. Pigments for the coatings, plastics and printing industries as well as for cosmetic applications are another part of the Performance Materials portfolio. EMD Serono – EMD Serono is the largest division of Merck KGaA. It fo- cuses on specialist therapeutic areas such as oncology, multiple sclerosis, growth disorders, and the treatment of infertility. The division offers innovative prescription drugs of chemical and biotechnological origin. Consumer Health – The division produces and markets over-the-counter (OTC) drugs mainly focusing on the health topics mobility, everyday health protection, women’s health, cough and cold, and allergies. Contents 01 Safety in the laboratory page Proper behavior inside a laboratory 8 Hazard and precautionary statements 10 Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets 18 GHS – the first-ever globally uniform basis 19 Hazard pictograms 20 Incompatible chemicals 22 Safety Data Sheet 24 Safety in the laboratory 27 Label information 28 Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging 30 02 Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds Table of elements 34 Hardness scale according to MOHS 38 Electrochemical series of some nonmetals 39 Covalent single-bond radiuses 39 03 Solutions – aqueous systems General mixing formulas for liquids 42 Conversion table for water hardness 43 Mixture rule 44 Preparation of dilute solutions 45 Solubility of inorganic compounds in water in relation to temperature 46 Solubility products of slightly soluble inorganic compounds 54 Acids | Sulfuric acid 58 Phosphoric acid 60 Hydrochloric acid 60 Nitric acid 62 Sodium hydroxide solution 64 Potassium hydroxide solution 66 Ammonia 68 Commercially available concentrations of some acids and alkalis 69 04 Indicators and buffers pH-indicators 72 Buffer solutions 76 pKa values of selected biological buffers 78 Buffer ranges 79 05 Analytical chromatography page Thin-layer chromatography 82 Analytical HPLC 84 Specification of column sorbents 86 LC Troubleshooting 90 Sample preparation 94 06 Organic solvents Organic solvents properties and drying 100 Ethanol-water mixtures 104 Drying agents 105 Vapor pressure of water 105 Solvents for organic instrumental analysis 106 Solvents for infrared spectroscopy | Transmittances 108 07 Physical methods for the determination of elements Flame photometry 112 Wavelength and wave number 112 Photometry: Transmission rate and absorbance 112 Calculation of the standard deviation 112 Direct-current polarography 113 Cathode ray polarography 113 08 Conversion factors and units Energy dimensions – conversion factors 116 Pressure dimensions – conversion factors 116 Decimal units multiples and subdivisions 117 Concentrations 117 Basic units 117 Derived units 118 US and British measures units 122 09 Other useful tables Physical constants 126 Creation constant air humidity in closed vessels 127 Greek alphabet 128 Greek numerals / Roman numbers 129 Freezing mixtures 130 Extran® laboratory cleaning agents 130 Particle sizes 132 NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts 134 NMR: Proton chemical shifts 136 Miscibility table 138 Periodic table of the elements 140 01 Safety in the laboratory Proper behavior inside a laboratory 8 Hazard and precautionary statements 10 Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets 18 GHS – the first-ever globally uniform basis 19 Hazard pictograms 20 Incompatible chemicals 22 Safety Data Sheet 24 Safety in the laboratory 27 Label information 28 Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging 30 Proper behavior inside the laboratory Chemistry is a fascinating thing for many beginners in related jobs. Handling chemicals is not only fascinating, but also risky, especially if processes are not performed adequately due to insufficient knowledge of the properties of the used substances. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to inform oneself prior to its first use about any possible hazards of a certain chemical. Each manufacturer of laboratory reagents is obliged to label reagents in accordance with the Global Harmonized System (GHS) and provide the respective Safety Data Sheets (SDS). The use of hazardous chemicals demands special know-how, carefulness and adequate precautions. The handling has to be performed in such a way that exposure to e.g. hazardous gases, vapors or suspended particles are – as far as technically possible – minimized and the substance is not released into the environment. 8 If necessary, appropriate measures have to be taken. When reaching the specific occupational exposure limits, special safety measures become necessary such as safe and practical personal protective equipment (PPE). The following rules apply to provide safety during the working process: 1. When working in a laboratory or a warehouse wear safety glasses, special working clothes or lab coat, suitable lab shoes and, where necessary, suitable gloves. 2. In any case avoid contact with skin, eyes and mucous membranes. 3. In case of contact with a chemical, rinse off any splashes on the skin with plenty of cold water; in the case of lipophilic substances rinse off with polyglycol. Due to the danger of absorption, never use other organic solvents. In doubt consult a physician as soon as possible. 4. Thoroughly rinse chemically burned eyes under a gentle stream of water or with a special eye shower. Rinse with your eyes wide open and roll your eyes in all directions. Subsequently, an eye examination must be performed. It is absolutely necessary to inform the eye specialist of the chemical used. It is also recommended to state its hazardous properties in order to decide on adequate treatment. 5. Take off immediately any clothing contaminated with chemicals. Safety laboratory in the 6. In case of accidents or if you feel unwell, consult a physician and state the cause of accident including the name of the chemical involved. 7. Do not smoke, eat and drink in laboratory rooms or while working with chemicals. Safety carrier for glass bottles Chemicals in glass bottles have hazard potential; glass can break! Our solution is the EMD Millipore safety carrier – a carrier with PE-foam inlay with high compression strength and a leak proof top cover. In case of accident the PE-foam of the falling carrier protects the bottle from breaking. In the unlikely event that the bottle should break the leak proof top cover ensures that no glass splinters or harmful solvent vapors escape. 9 Hazard and precautionary statements Hazard statements H200 Unstable explosives. H201 Explosive; mass explosion hazard. H202 Explosive, severe projection hazard. H203 Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard. H204 Fire or projection hazard. H205 May mass explode in fire. H220 Extremely flammable gas.