PENNSYLVANIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA SYNTHESIS: The Beaver Creek Watershed (Watershed B of the Ohio River Subbasin 20) S.R. 0224, Section L02 State Street Bridge Replacement Project Mahoning Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania ER #1999-6092-073 Prepared for: Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Engineering District 11-0 45 Thomas Run Road Bridgeville, Pennsylvania 15017 Submitted by: A.D. Marble & Company 100 Gamma Drive Suite 203 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238 July 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Figures................................................................................................................................. ii List of Photographs........................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT SUMMARY........................................1 A. Introduction....................................................................................................................1 B. Project Setting................................................................................................................1 C. Prehistory of Watershed B.............................................................................................5 CHAPTER II. PROJECT LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ................9 A. Drainage.........................................................................................................................9 B. Physiography and Landforms ........................................................................................9 C. Geology........................................................................................................................14 D. Precontact Lithic Sources ............................................................................................16 E. Paleoenvironments.......................................................................................................22 CHAPTER III. BACKGROUND AND KEY PROJECTS...................................................26 A. PASS File Data ............................................................................................................26 B. Key Projects and Sites .................................................................................................26 C. Summary and Introduction to Prehistory Chapters......................................................32 CHAPTER IV. PALEOINDIAN PERIOD.............................................................................33 A. Paleoindian Overview..................................................................................................33 B. Paleoindian Material Culture, Chronology, and Subsistence ......................................33 C. Paleoindian Sites..........................................................................................................34 D. Paleoindian Settlement Patterns and Lithic Raw Material Use ...................................36 E. Research Issues............................................................................................................38 CHAPTER V. EARLY ARCHAIC PERIOD (7500 B.C. to 6000 B.C.).............................40 A. Early Archaic Material Culture and Chronology.........................................................40 B. Early Archaic Archaeological Sites.............................................................................40 C. Early Archaic Settlement Patterns and Lithic Raw Material Use................................45 D. Early Archaic Summary and Research Questions .......................................................47 CHAPTER VI. MIDDLE ARCHAIC PERIOD (6000 B.C. to 4000 B.C.) ..........................49 A. Middle Archaic Overview............................................................................................49 B. Middle Archaic Material Culture and Chronology......................................................49 C. Middle Archaic Archaeological Sites and Locations...................................................50 D. Middle Archaic Settlement Patterns and Lithic Raw Material Use.............................53 E. Middle Archaic Summary and Research Questions ....................................................55 i CHAPTER VII. LATE ARCHAIC PERIOD (4000 B.C. to 1000 B.C.)................................57 A. Late Archaic Overview................................................................................................57 B. Late Archaic Material Culture and Chronology ..........................................................57 C. Late Archaic Archaeological Sites and Locations.......................................................58 D. Late Archaic Settlement Patterns and Lithic Raw Material Use .................................62 E. Sites Associated with Archaic Material.......................................................................64 F. Late Archaic Summary and Research Questions.........................................................65 CHAPTER VIII. EARLY WOODLAND PERIOD (1000 B.C. to 300 B.C.) .........................68 A. Early Woodland Overview ..........................................................................................68 B. Early Woodland Culture and Chronology ...................................................................69 C. Early Woodland Archaeological Sites and Locations .................................................70 D. Early Woodland Settlement Patterns and Lithic Raw Material Use............................72 E. Early Woodland Summary and Research Questions ...................................................75 CHAPTER IX. MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD (300 B.C. to A.D. 900).........................76 A. Middle Woodland Overview........................................................................................76 B. Middle Woodland Culture and Chronology ................................................................76 C. Middle Woodland Archaeological Sites and Locations...............................................77 D. Middle Woodland Settlement Patterns and Lithic Raw Material Use.........................80 E. Middle Woodland Summary and Research Questions ................................................83 CHAPTER X. LATE WOODLAND PERIOD (A.D. 900 to A.D. 1600) ............................85 A. Late Woodland Overview............................................................................................85 B. Late Woodland Culture and Chronology.....................................................................85 C. Late Woodland Archaeological Sites and Locations...................................................87 D. Late Woodland Settlement Patterns and Lithic Raw Material Use .............................91 E. Proto-Historic Period...................................................................................................94 F. Late Woodland Summary and Research Questions.....................................................96 CHAPTER XI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................97 A. Demography and Settlement........................................................................................97 B. Lithic Raw Material Use and Settlement Patterns .......................................................97 C. Conclusion: Future Research in Watershed B, Subbasin 20........................................97 References LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Study Area Location ......................................................................................................2 Figure 2. Watershed Boundaries Map...........................................................................................3 Figure 3. Hydrology within the Watershed B, Subbasin 20........................................................10 Figure 4. Recorded Lithic Resource Locations...........................................................................17 Figure 5. Key Projects and Sites in Watershed B, Subbasin 20..................................................27 Figure 6. Paleolithic Clovis Point................................................................................................28 ii Figure 7. Recorded Paleoindian Sites..........................................................................................35 Figure 8. Early Archaic Kirk Corner-Notched Point ..................................................................41 Figure 9. Recorded Early Archaic Sites ......................................................................................42 Figure 10. Middle Archaic MacCorkle Stemmed Point................................................................51 Figure 11. Recorded Middle Archaic Sites ...................................................................................52 Figure 12. Late Archaic Brewerton Corner-Notched Point ..........................................................59 Figure 13. Recorded Late Archaic Sites........................................................................................60 Figure 14. Recorded Undefined Archaic Sites..............................................................................66