128 -SUMMARY THE FEUD BET~iEEN MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO AND PUBLIUS CLODIUS PULCHER The purpose of this tb ~ sis was to i:vestigate the cause and nature of the feud between Cicero and Clodius. I As introduction a historical outline was given with special reference to factork which had an influence on I the feud such as violence, bribery and change-over of forces. Then a character af alysis of b oth Cice ro and Clodius was done to show thr ir distinct differences in this regard. Research showed t hat tfue essence of the feud be- l tween Cicero and Clodius cef tred on the Clodius' revenge. Three prominent events const ituted the stages of the feud i.e. the Bona Dea matt~ r, Clodius' tribunate and Cicero's exile. The feud e h ded with events sur rounding the death of Clodius and Cibero's defence of Milo i.e. his 11 pro Milone 11 in which mb re light was shed on his attitude towards Clodius. The conclusion we reached was that the nature of the feud was a persona l one lwhich developed in time to a political conflict in whif h the members of the Trium­ virate, especially Caesar ai d Pompey! played an impor­ tant role. The fundame ntal caus e of t h e f e ud was that Clodius' too viole nt a nd an ipa triotic b ehavior oft en clashed with Cice ro's p a trib t i s m, bec ause for him e v ery­ thing concerned his "re s pu~ l ica " . Whereas Cice ro fought for 11 concordia ordin um .. , clb d i us' b a ttle was for his own I benefit a f t e r he h a d initial ly been use d by the Tr ium- virate to furt h er the ir c as ~ . l29 The feud between Cicero and Clodius was typical of those times i.e. a conflict between the maintenance of the old order and violence and dispotic power. It was aggravated by the absolute differences in character between Cicero and Clodius and their ambitions. Cicero, a patron of the arts, a man of peace, an advocate of the old order, an upholder of tradition and religion, came into conflict with Clodius, a man of violence, violator of the law, a supporter of 11 ambitus", an abuser of tradition and religion and an exploiter of the class differences. l30 BRONNELYS ~. PRIMeRE BRONNE ~.1 TEKSTE ASCONIUS, In Miloniam. (Clark, A.C. Oxford, ~966.) CICERO, M. T. Ciceronis Orationes. (Deel I, II, III, IV. Long, G. Brighton College, 1851-1858.) De Domo Sua. De Haruspicum Responsis. Die Provinciis Consularibus. In Catilinam. (Deel I, I I, III, IV.) In Pisonem. Phillipica. (Deel II, v.) Post Reditum in Senatu. Pro Caelio. Pro Cluentio. Pro Flacco. Pro Hi lone. Pro Murena. Pro Rabirio. Pro Sestio. Pro Sulla. Cicero's Letters to A.tticus. (Vol. I, II. Shackle­ ten-Bailey, D. R. Cambridge, 1965.) The Correspondence of Cicero. (Deel I, II, III, IV. Tyrrel en Purser, London, 1904-1918.) CICERO, Select Letters. (Watson, A. Oxford, 1891.) CICERO, Select Letters. (How, w.w. Oxford, Claren- don Press, 1937.) J.3J. CICERO, De Amici t ia. (Reid, James S. Cambridge, J.935.} CICERO, De Republica . (Poyser, G.H. Cambridge, J.948.} t OVIDIUS, Fasti V. (Pighi, J.B. Paravia Torino, l9 7 3.} SALLUSTIUS, De Coniuratione Catilinae. (Summers, W.C. Cambridge, l963.) SUETONIUS, Divus Iulius. (Butler en Cary, Oxford, l970.) l.2 VERTALINGS EN KOMMENTAAR Appian•s Roman History (Loeb.). (Deel III. Page, T.E. London, l96l.) Cicero•s Pro Milone . (Clark, A.C. Oxford, J.895.) CICERO, Select Letters. (Vol. I, II. How, W.W. Oxford, J.925.) Cicero•s Letters to Atticus. (Vol. I, II. Schakle­ ton-Bailey, D.R. Cambridge, l965.) The Correspondence of M.T. Cicero. (6 Volumes. Tyrell, R.Y. en Purse r, L.C. Dublin, l904.) Note? on Cicero•s Ad Atticum. (Bk. 5-8. Mnemo- syne J. 6 , J. 9 6 3 . } CICERO, Sele ct Letter s. (Watson, A. Ox ford, ~88~.) 132 CICERO, De Domo Sua. (Nisbet, R.G. Oxford, J.939.) The Orations of M.T. Cicero. (Yonge, C.D. London, 1891-1905.) CICERO, Phillipics (Loeb.). (Warmington, E.H. London, 1969.) t. CICERO, Pro Milone, etc. (Loeb.} . {vlatts, N.H. London, ~958.) CICERO, Letters to Atticus (Loeb.}. {Winstedt, E.O. London, 1953.) CASSIUS DIO, Roman History {Loeb.). (Deel III. Page, T.E. London, Hei IUVENALIS. Satires. LIVIUS (Loeb.). {Deel XIV. Page, T.E. London, 1952.} PLUTARCHUS, The Fall of the Roman Republic. (Warner, R. Penguin Classics, 1958.) Plutarch's Lives (Loeb.). (Deel V en VII. Warming­ ton, E.H. Cambridge, ~97~.) SALLUSTIUS, Jugurthine War: Conspiracy of Catiline. (Trans 1. Handford, S. A. Penguin Classics, ~9 63.) SCHOL. Cic. Bob ed Stangl. Leipzig, 1912. SUE~ONIUS, The Twelve Caesars. (Transl. Graves, R. Penguin Classics, 1957.) TACITUS, Annales (Loeb.}. (Vert. Jackson, J. London 1 Heinemann, 1937.) 133 VELLEIUS PATERCULLUS, Historae Romanae (Loeb.). Vert. Shipley, F.W. Classical Library, London, W. Heinemann, 1924.} 2. SEKONDeRE BRONNE ABBOTT, F.F. Roman Political Institutions. London, J.901. ALLCROFT en MASON, The Tutorial History of Rome. London, University Tutotial Press, 1961. BALSDON, J.P.V.D. The Romans. Oxford, ~965. BEESLY, E.S. Cati1ine, Clodius and Tibe rius. New York, ~924. BOISSIER, G. Cicero and his friends. Transl. Cooper, A.D.J. New York, 1970. BOTSFORD, The Roman Assemblies. New York, 1968. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. IX. Cambridge, ~932. CARY, M. History of Rome. New York, ~957. CARCOPINO, J. Cicero, the secrets of his Correspon­ dence. I. Vert. Lorinner, E.O. London, 1951. COWELL, _ F.R. The Revolutions of Ancient Rome. Thames, 1962. CO~~LL, F.R. Cicero and t he Roman Republic. London, 1956. l34 DOREY, T.A. Cicero. New York, ~965. DOUGLAS, A.E. Cicer o. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1968. DRU~~N, History of Rome. DURUY, V. History of Rome and the Roman People. Vol. III. l883. DURUY, v. Powerless of the government of the Repu­ blic. FERRERO, G. Rome ' s grootheid en verval. Amsterdam, Van Looy, 1907. FRANK, T. An Economic History of Rome. New York, l962. FRISCH, H. Cicero's Fight for the Republic. Copenhagen, 1946. GELZER, M. Caesar - politician and statesman. Cambridge, l968. GELZEa, M. Pompeius. Munich, 1939. GELZER, M. Cicero - Ein Biographischer Versuch. Wiesbaden, 1969. GELZER, M. The Roman Nobility. Transl. Seager, R. Oxford, 1969. GRANT, M. Julius Caesar. London, Weidenfeld en Nicolson, 1969. 135 GREENIDGE, A.H.J. The Legal procedure of Cicero's Time. Oxford, 1901. GRUEN, E.S. Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts. Harvard, 1968. t. GRUEN, E.S. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley, 1972. HAMMOND, M. City-State and World State. New York, ~966. HARDY, E.G. The Catiline Conspiracy. Oxford, ~924. HASKELL, H.J. This was Cicero. New York, ~964. HAVELL, H.L. Republican Rome. London, 1923. HEATON, J.W. Mob Violence in the Late Roman Repu­ blic. Illinois, ~939. HEITLAND, W.E. The Roman Republic. Vol. III. Cambridge, ~923. HOLMES, T.R. The Roman Republic and the founder of the Empire. Oxford, Clarendon Press, ~923. HUTCHINSON, L. The Conspiracy of Catiline. London, Tonbridge Printers, 1966. LUCEY, W.K. en WILSON, B. Res Publica: Roman Poli­ tics and Society according to Cicero. Oxford, ~970. LEEMAN, A.D. Gloria. Leiden, ~949. 136 LENAGHAN, J.O. A Commentary on Cicero's Oration "De Haruspicum Responso". The Hague, J.969. LINTOTT, A.W. Violence in Republican Rome. Oxford, 1968. t MARSH, F.B. A History of the Roman world J.46-30 B.C. Londen, J.953. MCGUSHIN, P. Bellum Catilinae - a commentary. Leiden, 1977. MERIVALE, c. History of the Romans under the Empire. Vol. I. Londen, Longmanns, ~872-1874. MERIVALE, C. Catilina. Londen, 1900. MO~rnSEN, T. The History of Rome. Vol. IV. Vert. Bryans, c. Londen, ~897. MOMMSEN, T. Romische Staatsrecht. Leipzig, ~887. MOMivlSEN, T. Romische Strafrecht. Leipzig, ~ 89 9. NIEBUHR, B.G. History of Rome. Londen, Walton 1848. NIEBUHR, B.G. Lectures on the History of Rome. Londen, Taylor, 1903. PEROWNE, s. Death of the Roman Republic. Londen, 1969. PETERSSON, T. Cicero - A Biography. New York, 1963. 137 POCOCK, L.G. A commentary on Cicero's In Vatinium. Londen, ~926. RAWSON, E. Cicero. Londen, ~975. RICE-HOLMES, T. The Roman Republic~ Vol. I. Oxford, 1928. · RICHl\.RDS, G.C. Cicero - A Study. Londen, ~975. ROBINSON, C.E. A History of the Roman Republic. Londen, 1950. ROSTOVTZEFF, M.I. A History of the Ancient World. Vol. II. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1936/38. ROSTOVTZEFF 1 .M. I. The. Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1926. SANDYS, J.E. A Companion to Latin Studies. Londen, 1968. SCHACKLETON, B.D.R. Cicero. Londen, 1971. SCULLARD, H.H. From the Gracchi to Nero. Londen; 1959. SIHLER, E.G. Cicero of Arpinum - A Political and Literary Biography. New York, 1969. SINNIGEN, W.G. A History of Rome to A.D. 565. New YORK, Free Press, 1965. SMITH, R. E . Cicero the Statesman. Cambridge, ~966. ~38 SMITH, R.E. The Failure of the Roman Republic. Cambridge, ~955. SEEL, 0. Cicero. Stuttgart, 1953. STEVEN, S.J. en VILJOEN, G. van N. Cicero, Student en Staatsman. 1959. STOCKTON, D. Cicero, a poli tical Biography. Oxford, J.970. STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, J·. L. Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic. Londen, 1902. STRASBURGER, H. Concordia Ordinum. Frankfurt, 1931. SYI~, R. The Roman Revolution. Oxford, J.939. TAYLOR, L.R. Party Politics in the age of Caesar. Los Angeles, 1966. TAYLOR, L.R. Caesar and the Roman nobility. TAYLOR, L.R.