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Ordering Information To receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636) TTY: 1-888-232-6348 E-mail: [email protected] or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews by visiting www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2009-140 2 Proceedings Acknowledgments The Direct-Reading Exposure Assessment Methods Workshop planning committee would like to thank Teri Palermo, Catherine Calvert, and Brenda Boutin of NIOSH, LaKeyshia Alexander and Bridgette L. Saunders of Professional and Scientific Associates (PSA), and the management and staff of the Hilton Crystal City at Washington Reagan National Airport for their assistance. The authors thank: Jennifer Keller, Lea Pyles, Molly Pickett-Harner, Janet Hale, Lou-Ann Morris and Kim Clough Thomas for support and assistance with the B Reader workshop and this resulting report. Proceedings 3 Table of Contents PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC WORKSHOP THE NIOSH B READER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE MARCH 5, 2004 MCLEAN, VIRGINIA Title Page # NIOSH B Reader Certification Program: Looking to the Future 5 - 7 Anita L. Wolfe Occupational Lung Disease Among Coal Miners 12 - 16 Edward L. Petsonk, M.D. Alternative Approaches to B Reader Quality Assurance 17 - 24 Commissioned Paper Ralph T. Shipley, M.D. Discussion of Alternative Approaches to B Reader Quality Assurance 25 - 27 The Role of CT Scanning in Pneumoconiosis Screening 28 - 56 Commissioned Paper Cecile Rose, M.D., M.P.H., and David Lynch, M.D. Discussion of Role of CT Scanning in Pneumoconiosis Screening 56 - 57 Digital X-ray Imaging in Pneumoconiosis Screening: Future Challenges 58 - 67 for the NIOSH B Reader Program Commissioned Paper Alfred Franzblau, M.D., Ella A. Kazerooni, M.D., and Mitchell Goodsitt, Ph.D. Discussion of Digital X-ray Imaging in Pneumoconiosis Screening 68 Results from Surveys sent to A, B, and Former B Readers 69 - 84 Summary Anita L. Wolfe NIOSH Responds to the Challenges 85 - 86 Edward L. Petsonk, M.D. Abbreviations within Proceedings Documents 87 4 Proceedings NIOSH B Reader Certication Program: Looking to the Future Anita L. Wolfe In 2002, the ILO, with NIOSH involvement BACKGROUND and support, completed a revision of their chest radiographic classification system (1). To Chest radiographic imaging is a widely applied ensure that the NIOSH B Reader Program is and important tool for assessing lung health in maintained as a relevant and effective quality workers exposed to dusts capable of producing assurance program for occupational lung dis- pneumoconiosis and other diseases. Accurate ease research and prevention, and to maintain and precise categorization of chest radiographic adherence to the revised ILO classification images requires close adherence to standard system, modifications are required to the B methods of radiograph classification and adop- Reader examinations and related training activ- tion of procedures for quality assurance. For ities and materials. Moreover, in the 30 years over 70 years, the International Labour Office since the development of the B Reader Certifi- (ILO) has provided a standardized system for cation process, the field of radiology, as well as classification of chest radiographs for the pneu- the discipline of professional competency test- moconioses that has been widely used by physi- ing, have experienced considerable advances cians and epidemiologic researchers concerned in knowledge, techniques, and methodology. In with occupational respiratory diseases. short, the B Reader Certification Program could benefit from a critical evaluation in order to Since 1970, under the U.S. Code of Federal ensure optimal utility of the Program. Regulations [42CFR37], screening chest radio- graphic examinations have been provided to Toward this end, NIOSH planned and held a underground coal miners. As part of this scientific workshop-NIOSH B Reader Certifi- mandated Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance cation Program: Looking to the Future-March Program (CWHSP), the National Institute for 5th, 2004, to discuss the important issues Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) related to radiological surveillance for lung arranges for the interpretation of these radio- diseases. Background papers were commis- graphs. The presence and degree of dust-related sioned from national experts on the topics radiological changes are determined by phy- of Quality Assurance, Computerized Tomogra- sicians who have demonstrated proficiency in phy (CT) Scanning, and Digital Radiography. using the ILO classification system. To deter- These proceedings include the following doc- mine proficiency, NIOSH developed and cur- uments: NIOSH B Reader Certification Pro- rently administers the B Reader Certification gram: Looking to the Future; Occupational Program, a unique quality assurance program Lung Disease Among Coal Miners; Commis- for training and certifying physicians who clas- sioned papers on “Alternative Approaches to B sify chest radiographs of the pneumoconioses. Reader Quality Assurance,” “The Role of CT Under this Program, physicians who wish to Scanning in Pneumoconiosis Screening,” “Dig- obtain B Reader Certification must successfully ital X-ray Imaging in Pneumoconiosis Screen- pass a comprehensive examination, and to ing: Future Challenges for the NIOSH B maintain certification, they must continue to Reader Program”; Discussion pertaining to the demonstrate competence by passing a recertifi- commissioned papers; Results from Survey’s cation examination every four years. sent to A, B, and Former B Readers; and Proceedings 5 NIOSH Responds to the Challenges. Recom- Disease Studies (DRDS) in Morgantown, WV, mendations from this workshop are not con- are responsible for conducting the CWHSP. sensus statements, but individual opinions of The B Reader Certification Program compo- some, not necessarily all, of the participants. nent of the CWHSP was the major focus of this workshop. The areas of Quality Assurance KEYWORDS in film classification and the potential Roles for Digital Radiology and CT Scanning in lung Chest Radiographic Imaging, National Institute imaging for dust diseases were specifically for Occupational Safety and Health, Pneumoco- addressed. niosis, Quality Assurance In the 30 years since the development of the B Reader process, the field of radiology, as WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES well as the discipline of professional compe- tency testing, have experienced considerable The workshop was structured such that three advances in knowledge, techniques, and meth- major objectives could be met. odology. By facilitating this workshop, NIOSH was able to gather feedback from experts in 1) To discuss the impact of recent techno- these fields. The workshop’s participants were logical advances in radiological imaging asked to provide a critical evaluation of the current B Reader Program in order to ensure 2) To discuss current NIOSH and extramu- its optimal utility in today’s workplace envi- ral activities and practices in this area ronment. Input was gathered during three con- current breakout sessions, each beginning with 3) To gain input from participants on the presentation of commissioned background NIOSH activities and the impact of techno- papers to focus discussion. logical advances in radiological imaging ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO B The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act READER QUALITY ASSURANCE of 1969 (as amended by the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977) directs NIOSH Quality assurance is a crucial component of to study the causes and consequences of coal- the current NIOSH B Reader Program. Con- related respiratory disease and, in cooperation sequently, NIOSH contracted with Dr. Ralph with the Mine Safety and Health Adminis- Shipley, a member of the American College tration (MSHA), to carry out a program for of Radiology Pneumoconiosis Committee and early detection and prevention of coal workers’ NIOSH B Reader from the University of pneumoconiosis. At NIOSH these activities are Cincinnati to provide an overview regarding administered through the CWHSP, as specified “Alternative Approaches to B Reader Quality in Federal Regulations, 42 CFR 37, “Speci- Assurance. Dr. Shipley’s paper addresses inter- fications for Medical Examinations of Under- reader and intra-reader variability and presents ground Coal Miners.” proposals for further study of methods to improve uniformity of interpretation. Assuring The CWHSP consists of three components: (1) quality through innovative methods and inquiry Coal Workers’ X-ray Surveillance Program, (2) into improved reading practices is important National Coal Workers’ Autopsy Program, and to maintain and improve the stature of the B (3) B Reader Certification Program. NIOSH Reader Program. staff, located at the Division of Respiratory 6 Proceedings THE ROLE OF CT SCANNING IN PNEU- MOCONIOSIS SCREENING NIOSH is aware that each year brings new and improved