Developing an Implementation Model to Address Food Shortages in Matabeleland South Province, Zimbabwe Muzerengi Tapiwa Student Number: 216075836 A Thesis Submitted In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Community Development School of Built Environment and Development Studies Faculty of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal Howard College Campus Durban, South Africa Supervisor: Professor Ernest Nene Khalema Date: 31 July 2019 Supervisor’s Signature ……………… i DECLARATION The Registrar Academic University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa Dear Sir/Madam DECLARATION I, Muzerengi Tapiwa, Registration Number 216075836, hereby declare that the Thesis entitled: “Developing an Implementation Model to Address Food Shortages in Matabeleland South Province, Zimbabwe" is the result of my own research and has not been submitted in part or full for any degree or to any other University. Where use was made of the work of others, it has been duly acknowledged by means of complete references. 30/07/2019 Muzerengi Tapiwa DATE ii DEDICATION In Memory of the late Juliana Chamboko Muzerengi my mother, and Mkululwa Muzerengi my father To Beauty Kondo my wife, and children Denzel Tapiwa and Dominic Tinodaishe iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Professor Ernest Nene Khalema for the continuous support through my Ph.D study and related research; for his patience, motivation and immense knowledge. His guidance made it easy for me to navigate the Ph.D terrain with ease, precision and rigour. I could not have envisaged a better advisor and mentor of my study. Secondly, my special thanks go to the editor of my Ph.D thesis Ms Vianey Varela, the error assassin. Her hawk’s eye missed nothing. Dr Virgininia Mawerewere, for being unwavering sounding board and mirror for my work and myself. “Heyo mapumhangozi svimbo ya Samere Mutendi yapera” as you always say. You will never, ever know the difference you did with what you unintentionally did. My wife Beauty Kondo Muzerengi, you are a rare breed. Your unwavering support was so amazing. Had it been not your support from the beginning, I would not have reached this far. “Toti Ebenezer, this far the Lord has taken us.” My mother, Mrs Dometrio M. Chamisa, I lack all the necessary terminology to appreciate the support you rendered me during the study. My sister Florence Shingirayi Chamisa, your encouragement will never be forgotten. My brother Fanuel Muzerengi, I thank you for providing state of the art equipment. You are one in a million.To the Almighty is the Glory. iv ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS AGRITEX Agricultural Technical and Extension Services AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANIDP Accelerated National Irrigation Development Programme ARDA Agricultural Rural Development Authority ASPEF Agricultural Sector Productivity Enhancement Facility BNA Basic Needs Approach BSAP British South African Police CAADP Comprehensive African Development Programme CADU Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit CEO Chief Executive Officer CSIRO Common Wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DA District Administrator DBSA Development Bank of South Africa DFID Department for International Development DFNSC District Food and Nutrition Security Committee DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EPRDF Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front ESAP Economic and Structural Adjustment Programme EWS Early Warning Systems FAD Food Availability Decline FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FANTA Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance FDI Foreign Direct Investment FEWSNET Famines and Early Warning Systems Network FFYNDP First Five Year National Development Plan FGDS Focus Group Discussions FPL Food Poverty Line FTLRP Fast Track Land Reform Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product GMB Grain Marketing Board GoZ Government of Zimbabwe GWE Growth with Equity HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICRISAT International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IFARD International Federation of Agricultural Research Systems for Development IMF International Monetary Fund IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change IPCFS International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty IRD Integrated Rural Development ITPGRFA International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture KIIs Key Informant Interviews KIPPRA Kenyan Institute of Public Policy Research LAA Land Apportionment Act v LRRP Land Reform and Resettlement Programme MDC Movement for Democratic Change MDGs Millennium Development Goals MEPF Macro Economic Policy Framework MERP Millennium Economic Recovery Programme MPOI Mass Public Opinion Institute MTEP Medium Term Plan MZWP Mtshabezi Zambezi Water Project NCAR National Centre for Atmosphere Research NEDPP National Economic Development Priority Programme NERP National Economic Recovery Programme NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NIB National Indigenous Board NOCZIM National Oil Company of Zimbabwe NR Natural Region OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ORAP Organization of Rural Associations for Progress PA Provincial Administrator PFMS Public Fund Management System PFNSC Provincial Food and Nutrition Security Committee PRSPS Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers PSNP Productive Safety Net Programme RBM Results Based Management RDC Rural District Council RDDC Rural District Development Committee SADC Southern African Development Community SIRDC Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre SSA Sub-Saharan Africa STERP1 Short Term Emergency Recovery Programme 1 STERP11 Short Term Emergency Recovery Programme 11 TNC Transnational Company TNDP Transnational National Development Plan TPP Ten Point Plan TTLs Tribal Trust Lands UN United Nations UNDHR United Nations Declaration of Human Rights UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNGAS United Nation General Assembly UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNSDG United Nations Sustainable Development Goals USAID United States Agency for International Development VAM Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping VIDCO Village Development Committee WADCO Ward Development Committee WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme WFS World Food Summit vi WHO World Health Organisation ZAMCOM Zambezi Watercourse Commission ZANU PF Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front ZAPF Zimbabwe Agricultural Policy Framework ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union ZDF Zimbabwe Defence Forces ZEDS Zimbabwe Economic Development Strategy ZEFSA Zimbabwe Emergency Food Security Assessment ZFU Zimbabwe Farmers Union ZIMPREST Zimbabwe Programme for Economic and Social Transformation ZIMRA Zimbabwe Revenue Authority ZIMVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee ZUNDAF Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework vii ABSTRACT Matabeleland South Province has since 1980 to date been experiencing acute food shortages. Currently, it is the province with the highest number of food insecure people. The study recommends a bottom up approach, that is beyond ZimASSET, that addresses food shortages in Matabeleland South Province. The purpose of this study is to develop an Implementation Model to address food shortages in the Matabeleland South Province of Zimbabwe. The study employed the Grounded Theory approach utilizing a purely qualitative design. Purposive sampling of 200 stakeholders, that is expert and typical case sampling was the primary method of research. As the study was unfolding, a theoretical sampling was later employed. A confirmatory retrospective document review of food security documents from the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee and the Famine Early Warning systems Network was done. The Entitlement Theory by Sen Amartya, and the Systems Theory by Von Bertalanffy were utilised as the theoretical point of departure for the study. The study utilised Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussion and Document Analysis to mine data. Data was analysed using the thematic approach. Major findings and results showed a disjuncture and dissonance within the Provincial Food and Nutrition Security Task Force approaches used to address the food insecurity situation in the province of Matabeleland South. The findings showed that, there is an implementation gap in need to be filled, and all stakeholders must apply a bottom up approach in addressing the problem of food shortages. The developed Implementation Model was validated by the stakeholders who participated in the data collection phase and endorsed the bottom up approach, which as intended, conveyed the community’s views. The Food Security Implementation Model is forwarding the community development aspirations to a new level that leaves footprints on the development terrain with a pragmatist component of coming up with home grown solutions to the problem of food insecurity. Key Words: Implementation Model, Vulnerability, Entitlement, Food insecurity, Matabeleland viii Contents DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................