Investigation of urban sprawl on the basis of remote sensing data--- A case study in Jiangning, Nanjing City, China Von der Fakultät Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr. -Ing) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Feng Li Aus Nanjing, China Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. -Ing. Stefan Siedentop Mitberichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Fritsch Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 31.07.2012 Institut für Raumordnung und Entwicklungsplanung der Universität Stuttgart 2012 Inhaltsverzeichnis Summary..................................................................................................................................... i Zusammenfassung......................................................................................................................iv List of Tables.............................................................................................................................vi List of Figures..........................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and problem formulation ......................................................................... 1 1.2 Research objectives ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research methodology ................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Construction of dissertation ......................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 2 Urban sprawl in perspective ...................................................... 11 2.1 Research progress in western countries ..................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Defining urban sprawl ........................................................................................ 11 2.1.2 The indicators of urban sprawl ........................................................................... 11 2.1.3 The causes of urban sprawl ................................................................................ 12 2.1.4 The costs of urban sprawl ................................................................................... 14 2.2 Research progress in China ....................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Urban sprawl in China ........................................................................................ 15 2.2.2 The indicators of urban sprawl ........................................................................... 21 2.2.3 Driving forces of urban sprawl in China ............................................................ 22 2.2.4 What urban sprawl is costing China ................................................................... 24 2.3 Summary and conclusion ........................................................................................... 25 Chapter 3 3 Research area and Data source ................................................. 26 3.1 Research area ............................................................................................................. 26 3.1.1 Geographical situation and natural conditions ................................................... 26 3.1.2 Socio-economic development ............................................................................ 27 3.2 Data source and image pre-processing ...................................................................... 28 3.2.1 TM images and relative data .............................................................................. 28 3.2.2 Image pre-processing ......................................................................................... 29 Chapter 4 4 Spatial patterns of urban sprawl ............................................... 31 4.1 Characteristics information identification ................................................................. 31 4.1.1 Characteristics of land use/cover ........................................................................ 31 4.1.2 Characteristics of built-up area .......................................................................... 36 4.2 Characteristics information extrction ........................................................................ 37 4.2.1 Land use/cover classification of TM images ...................................................... 37 4.2.2 Extracting built-up area from TM images .......................................................... 41 4.3 Landscape expression in spatial patterns ................................................................... 44 4.3.1 Contagion index ................................................................................................. 45 4.3.2 Fractal dimension index ..................................................................................... 47 4.3.3 Shape index ........................................................................................................ 49 4.4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 5 5 Temporal dynamic of urban sprawl ......................................... 54 5.1 Dynamic change analysis .......................................................................................... 54 5.1.1 Change of land use/cover ................................................................................... 54 5.1.2 Shannon’s entropy analysis ................................................................................ 59 5.2 Dynamic change monitoring ..................................................................................... 60 5.2.1 Dynamic change of built-up area ....................................................................... 60 5.2.2 Dynamic change of land use/cover types in built-up area ................................. 63 5.3 Change extents measurement .................................................................................... 66 5.3.1 Multi-dimensional indicators selection .............................................................. 66 5.3.2 The distinct extents of urban sprawl .................................................................. 74 5.4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 6 6 Investigation into the causes and impacts of urban sprawl .... 77 6.1 Driving forces of urban sprawl .................................................................................. 77 6.1.1 Spatial-temporal parameters ............................................................................... 78 6.1.2 Socio-economic-demographic factors ................................................................ 85 6.2 Impacts of urban sprawl ............................................................................................ 89 6.2.1 Model of assessing impact of urban sprawl ....................................................... 89 6.2.2 Impact assessment of sprawl .............................................................................. 92 6.3 Summary .................................................................................................................... 98 Chapter 7 7 Conclusions and Prospect .......................................................... 99 7.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 99 7.1.1 Major findings .................................................................................................... 99 7.1.2 Policy recommendations .................................................................................. 100 7.2 Prospect ................................................................................................................... 101 References: ...................................................................................... 102 Appendix A: The definition of urban sprawl ............................... 114 Appendix B: The indicators of urban sprawl .............................. 117 Appendix C: The causes of urban sprawl .................................... 121 Appendix D: The costs of urban sprawl ....................................... 124 Summary The dissertation is continuing research on the project named "Sustainable Development by Integrated Land Use Planning (SILUP) ", which has been completed cooperatively by both Chinese and German research institutions, taking Jiangning District as a typical research area to recognize the spatial patterns, monitor dynamic change, measure distinct extents, analyze the driving forces and access impacts of urban sprawl based on the technology of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and so on. Over the past 30 years, urban development in China has been remarkable. Land development and consumption have been out of control and kept expanding massively, especially to marginal areas of some metropolises. The undesirable growth patterns in Chinese cities appear to threaten the goal of sustainable development and impose some costs socially, economically and environmentally on households, firms and governments. At present, the research on urban sprawl in China is still in a preliminary stage- the basic characteristics of urban sprawl are not explicitly defined and the understanding