JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Sanni et al. Effects of chronic administration of indomie noodles on the activity of alanine aminotransferase of rat kidney. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 May (Supplement 1); 30(30): S65-S71. The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: www.jpbms.info Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.), Member journal. Committee of Publication ethics (COPE) and Journal donation project (JDP). ISSN NO- 2230 – 7885 CODEN JPBSCT NLM Title: J Pharm Biomed Sci. Sanni et al. Available at jpbms.info Original article Effects of chronic administration of indomie noodles on the activity of alanine aminotransferase of rat kidney 1SANNI, Momoh, 1EJEMBI, Daniel, 2EMMANUEL, T. Friday, 1ABBAH, Okpachi C & *OGALA, Emmanuel Affiliation:- consists six (6) rats (i.e both the males and the 1Department of biochemistry, Kogi State University, females).The rats in group I, for both sex, were Anyigba, Nigeria. administered cooked indomie spiced with the 2Department of medical biochemistry, Kogi State seasoning, group II, were given raw indomie University, Anyigba, Nigeria. spiced with the seasoning, group III, were given both the cooked and raw indomie mixed Author’s contributions-All authors contributed together and spiced with the seasoning, group equally to this paper. IV, were given cooked indomie without the seasoning, group V, were given raw indomie *Correspondence to:- without the seasoning, group VI, were given both EJEMBI Daniel. the cooked and raw indomie, mixed together, Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, without the seasoning and, group VII, which Anyigba, Nigeria. served as the control, were given the normal fowl formulation feed. The administration was Abstract: carried out for a period of four (4) weeks, the The effects of chronic administration of Indomie result showed that, there was a decrease in instant noodles on the activities of alanine kidney activity of the enzyme. aminotransferase (ALT) of rat kidney was investigated. Fourty-eight (48) rats (both males and females) of average weight 210g were Key words: Indomie instant noodles; Alkaline divided into seven groups. Each group consists of phosphatase. three (3) rats each, except for the control, which Article citation:- Sanni et al. Effects of chronic administration of indomie noodles on the activity of alanine aminotransferase of rat kidney. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 May(Supplement 1);30(30): S65-S71.Available at http://www.jpbms.info INTRODUCTION ndomie, is the world largest instant noodle people both at work, in school, and at home. Indofood produced by Indofood-the world largest is one the largest pre-packaged food companies I manufacturer of dried instant noodle in Indonesia founded in 1972 in Indonesia as Panganjaya (Indofood, 2010)13. It is sold throughout Indonesia, Intikusuma before changing to its current name in Malaysia, Australia, Nigeria, the United States, and 1990 by Sudono by Salim under the Salims group among other numerous countries. Indomie noodle is (Witular, 2004)20. very nutritious, easy to make and can be eaten both as snacks, as well, a major meal. It is very versatile and this make it attracts the patronage of majority of Courtesy: www.dufil.com S65 ISSN NO- 2230 – 7885 CODEN JPBSCT NLM Title: J Pharm Biomed Sci. Sanni et al. Available at jpbms.info Ingredients: The food standards agency (FSA) in April 10, 2008, Noodles: wheat flour, vegetable oil, iodized salt, called for voluntary removal of the colors (but not sodium polyphosphate, sodium carbonate, potassium sodium benzoate). In addition, it recommended that carbonate, guargum, tartrazine (CI 19140), the colors should be phased out in foods and drinks antioxidant (TBHQ) in the European Union (EU) over a specific period Seasoning powder: iodized salt, monosodium (FSA Board, 2008)11.Tartrazine has a noticeable glutamate (621), hydrolyzed vegetable protein, soy effect on the behavior of young mice; powder, pepper, garlic powder, chicken flavor, Chili 1. Tartrazine inflamed the stomach lining (increased powder. the number of lymphocytes and eosinophils of Indomie noodles contain Tartrazine, a synthetic rats) when given in the diet for a prolonged lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as food time15. colouring agent (Food standards agency website, 2. Tartrazine was found to adversely affect and alter 2011)11. It has a batch category code of E102 C.I. biochemical markers in vital organs e.g. liver, 19140, FD&C Yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4 kidney, small intestines etc of rat not only at and trisodium-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4- higher doses but also at low doses4. sulfonatophenylazo)-5-(pyrazolone-3-carboxylate).It is water soluble and has a maximum absorbance in Organ studied (The kidney): aqueous solution at 427±2nm14. Tartrazine is a The Kidney, a perfect example of homeostatic organ, commonly used colorant all over the world, mainly maintains the constancy of fluid in human internal for yellow, but can also be used with brilliant blue environment, much like a water purification plant (FD&C Blue; E133) or Green (E142) to produce that keeps a city’s water drinkable and disposes of its various green shades. waste10. Tartrazine was believed to cause most of the allergic In rat, the right kidney is slightly placed anterior to and intolerance reaction experienced amongst all the the left while in man; the right kidney is slightly azo dyes, particularly in asthmatic patients and those lower than the left18. Every day, the kidney filters with aspirin intolerance (UK food Guide, 2007). nearly 200 litres of fluid from the bloodstream, Symptoms of tartrazine sensitivity can occur from allowing toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions to either ingestion or cutaneous exposure to substances leave the body in the urine and returning needed containing tartrazine. Symptoms could either be mild substances to the blood10. to severe3. A variety of immunological responses have been attributed to tartrazine ingestion, External anatomy: including anxiety, migraine3, clinical depression, The bean-shaped kidney lies in a retroperitoneal blurred vision, itching, general weakness, feeling of position (i.e. between the dorsal body wall and the suffocation, purple skin patches and sleep parietal peritoneum). In the superior lumber region, disturbance17. People who are exposed to the dye they extend approximately from the level of the experience symptoms of tartrazine sensitivity even at twelfth thoracic vertebra to the third lumber extremely small dose, some for periods up to 72 vertebra. Thus, the kidney receives some protection hours after exposure6. In children, asthma attack and from the lower part of the cage. The right kidney is hives have been claimed, as well as supposed link to crowned by the liver and lies slightly lower than the thyroid tumors, chromosomal damage and hyper left kidney. reactivity7. Internal anatomy: Possible health effects of tartrazine: A frontal section of the kidney reveals distinct The British food standards agency on September 6th, regions, the cortex, medulla and the pelvis. The most 2007, revised, advice on certain artificial food superficial region, which is the renal cortex10, is light additives, including tartrazine (BBC news, 2007)5. in color and has a granular appearance. Deep down Professor Jim Stevenson of Southampton University, the cortex is the darker, reddish-brown renal the author of the report said, “This is an important medulla, which exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses, investigating area of research”. The result suggests called ‘Medularry or Renal pyramid’. The broad base that consumption of certain mixture of artificial food of each pyramid faces towards the cortex, and its color and sodium benzoate preservatives are apex or papilla (nipple) points internally. associated with increase in hyperactive behavior in The pyramids appear stripped because they are children. formed collecting tubules. The renal columns and S66 ISSN NO- 2230 – 7885 CODEN JPBSCT NLM Title: J Pharm Biomed Sci. Sanni et al. Available at jpbms.info inward extensions of the cortical tissues separate the acid-base balance: to reabsorb bicarbonate from pyramids. Each medullary pyramids and its urine, and to excrete hydrogen ions into urine. surrounding capsule of the cortical tissue constitutes a lobe of a kidney lateral to the hilus within the renal Osmolarity regulation: sinus called the ‘Renal pelvis’. This flat, funnel- Any significant rise in plasma osmolarity is detected shaped tube is continuous, with the ureter leaving by the hypothalamus, which communicates directly the hilus10. Branching extension of the pelvis from with the posterior pituitary gland. An increase in two or three major calyces (singular) each of which is osmolarity causes the gland to secrete antidiuretic subdivided into 10, forming several mino-calyces, hormone (ADH), resulting in water reabsorption by cub-shaped areas that enclose papillae of the the kidney and an increase in urine concentration. pyramids. The two factors work together to return the plasma The calyces collect urine, which drains continuously osmolarity to its normal levels. from the papillae, and empty it into the renal pelvis urine, then flows through the renal pelvis into the Enzymes studied: ureter, which transports it to the bladder to be Alanine amino-transferase: stored. The walls of the calyces rhythmically and Alanine transaminase (ALT) test measure the propels urine along its course by peristalsis10. amount of the enzyme in the blood. It is found mainly in the liver, but also in small amount in the kidneys, Functions: heart, muscles, and pancreas. Alanine transferase The Kidney regulates simultaneously the volume and (ALT) was formally called serum glutamic pyruvic chemical makeup of the blood, maintaining the transferase (SGPT) or Alanine aminotransferase proper balance between water and salts and also (ALAT). It plays a role in protein metabolism; between acids and bases. The following are specific therefore, an abnormal high blood level of ALT functions carried out by the kidneys.