NATIONAL SECURITY & DEFENCE π 5 (109) CONTENTS CRIMEAN SOCIETY: DIVIDING LINES AND PROSPECTS OF CONSOLIDATION 2009 (Analytical Report of Razumkov Centre) ...................................................................................2 Founded and published by: Section 1. DOMINANT COMMUNITIES OF CRIMEA: SELF-IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTER OF RELATIONS, PROSPECTS OF THEIR EVOLUTION (in Crimean and pan-Ukrainian contexts) .................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. SOCIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITIES OF CRIMEA: SPECIFICITY OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION AND PROSPECTS OF FORMATION OF A COMMON CRIMEAN IDENTITY ........................ 3 MAP UKRAINIAN CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL STUDIES SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF SOCIO-CULTURAL GROUPS OF CRIMEA ........................8 NAMED AFTER OLEXANDER RAZUMKOV ANNEX 1 SPECIFICITIES OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITIES .....................10 Director General Anatoliy Rachok 1.2. SPECIFICITIES OF COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT POTENTIAL IN RELATIONS Editor-in-Chief Maryna Melnyk BETWEEN THE DOMINANT SOCIO-CULTURAL GROUPS .............................................. 13 Layout and design Oleksandr Shaptala 1.3. IDEAS OF WAYS TO HARMONISE INTER-ETHNIC AND INTER-CONFESSIONAL Technical & computer RELATIONS IN CRIMEA ................................................................................................. 19 support Volodymyr Kekuh TABLE SPECIFICITIES OF IDENTIFY OF DOMINANT SOCIO-CULTURAL GROUPS OF CRIMEA .............22 This magazine is registered with the State Committee of Ukraine for Information Policy, Section 2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SITUATION IN THE AR OF CRIMEA ............................29 registration certificate KB №4122 2.1. INEFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL PROCESSES IN CRIMEA ...............................29 2.2. UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS OF INTEGRATION OF Printed in Ukrainian and English CRIMEAN TATARS INTO UKRAINIAN SOCIETY ..............................................................37 Circulation: 3 800 MAP STATE OF SETTLEMENT AND AMENITIES FOR CRIMEAN TATARS IN CRIMEA .............................42 Editorial address: 2.3. FRAGMENTATION OF INFORMATION SPACE OF CRIMEA 46 Volodymyrska str., Office Centre, 5th floor, AND ITS VULNERABILITY TO EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ................................................ 48 Kyiv, 01034 ANNEX 2 tel.: (380 44) 201-1198 INFORMATION PREFERENCES OF CRIMEANS ...........................................................................54 fax: (380 44) 201-1199 2.4. DISPARITIES IN THE EXERCISE OF SOCIO-CULTURAL RIGHTS e-mail: [email protected] AND NEEDS IN CRIMEA ................................................................................................56 web site: www.razumkov.org.ua 2.5. TRENDS OF ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE IN THE ACTIVITY OF CRIMEAN PUBLIC ORGANISATIONS ........................................................................ 60 Reprinted or used materials must refer to ANNEX 3 “National Security & Defence” CRIMEAN ORGANISATIONS EXERTING THE GREATEST INFLUENCE ON INTER-ETHNIC AND INTER-CONFESSIONAL RELATIONS ...................................................................................66 The views expressed in this magazine Section 3. CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS ...........................................................................70 do not necessarily reflect those of the Razumkov Centre staff ARTICLES CRIMEAN PROJECT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: AN ATTEMPT OF POLICY RECONSTRUCTION ON THE BASIS OF AD HOC DECISIONS Photos: Oleksandr LYTVYNENKO ........................................................................................................73 UNIAN – cover, CONFLICT ASPECTS OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN CRIMEA: Ukrinform – pp. 7, 39, INTER-ETHNIC CONTEXT “Yedinoe Otechestvo” – p. 69 Yuliya TYSHCHENKO ..............................................................................................................77 POLITICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS OF CRIMEAN TATAR PEOPLE: APPROACHES TO SOLUTION © Razumkov Centre, 2009 Yuriy YAKYMENKO .................................................................................................................84 This project is implemented by Razumkov Centre together with the University of Basel’s Europainstitut with support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education and Research. Information on how to receive this magazine on a regular basis may be found at: http://www.razumkov.org.ua/magazine CRIMEAN SOCIETY: DIVIDING LINES AND PROSPECTS OF CONSOLIDATION The AR of Crimea is a special region of Ukraine, not only because of its autonomous status, but also thanks to its unique historic and cultural heritage, ethnic composition of the population, geopolitical situation. It may be said without exaggeration that the ability to integrate Crimea into the pan-Ukrainian political and socio-cultural space presents a key test of maturity and effectiveness of the Ukrainian state. This determines the extreme importance of Crimean segment in the Ukrainian policy. But unfortunately, there are no grounds to claim serious success in that domain; rather, things are developing in the opposite direction. It may be stated that the socio-political situation in the AR of Crimea, after the relative stability of late 1990s – early 2000s, has deteriorated lately. In the result of serious political contradictions, deregulation of the executive branch, lack of system and consistency in the Ukrainian state policy regarding Crimea, interaction between the republican and central authorities in some sectors is far from standards of constructive cooperation, which leads to continual non- execution or even open obstruction of decisions of the central authorities dealing with Crimea. This brings to light drawbacks in the effective legislation describing the rights and powers of the AR of Crimea, regimenting the autonomy’s relations with Kyiv, presentation and defence of its interests in the supreme bodies of state power. Meanwhile, radical, first of all – pro-Russian public and political forces stepped up their activity in Crimea, manifested, in particular, in stronger opposition to actions of the state authorities aimed at rapprochement with Euro-Atlantic structures, and in moral support for Russia and its Black Sea Fleet during the armed conflict with Georgia in August 2008. The problems of amenities for and social rehabilitation of repatriates, first of all – representatives of Crimean Tatars, are far from final solution. Despite the deep study of those problems by the Ukrainian authorities and representative bodies of the Crimean Tatar people, full mutual understanding between its political leadership and the state authorities in the issues of restoration of economic, social, cultural and political rights of the Crimean Tatar people, definition of its place in Ukraine’s legal framework and its state system is still absent. Given the evident deficiency of means of protection of collective interests available to Crimean Tatars, this undermines trust in the authorities, both Ukrainian and Crimean, and deteriorates inter-ethnic relations in Crimea. The absence of strategic approaches of the Ukrainian authorities to comprehensive solution of Crimean problems, prevalence of the policy of situational response to separate problems or their neglect have an effect on the public consciousness of the Crimean residents in the form of growth of separatist and irredentist spirits, unpopularity of the prospects of further development of Crimea within the constitutional framework of Ukraine. External influences on the situation in the AR of Crimea in economic, political, religious and information sectors are growing. Not all of them may be termed negative, but many of them are designed to entirely cut Crimea from Ukrainian political and socio-cultural space or to make the latter a factor of political and cultural disintegration of the Ukrainian society and state. Against that background, Crimean society witnesses processes of transformation, in particular, consolidation of the main ethnic groups by socio-cultural features, growth of competition among them in the political, socio- economic and symbolic domains. Evolution of relations among the most numerous Crimean socio-cultural communities towards aggravation of contradictions will threaten the socio-political stability of not only Crimea but Ukraine as a whole, give a pretext for interference of outside forces in its internal affairs, moreover, given the precedents of implementation of similar political scenarios. Study of the situation in the AR of Crimea, identification of factors influencing it and search of ways of the most optimal solution of the existing problems are all covered by the Ukrainian-Swiss project “Socio-political, inter-ethnic and inter-confessional relations in Crimea –state, problems, ways of solution”, jointly implemented by Razumkov Centre and University of Basel’s Europainstitut1. This Analytical Report deals with the second stage of the project. Analytical Report consists of three sections. on the basis of data of sociological surveys identifies the main socio-cultural communities of Crimea, examines First their mutual perception, the character and prospects of relations, prospects of emergence of a single Crimean section identity. analyses the main factors influencing the situation in Crimea – political, socio-economic, cultural, religious, Second information. section carries conclusions of the prospects of formation of the Crimean identity, specificities