Public Disclosure Authorized Republic of South Sudan The Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward January 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Nihal Fernando and Walter Garvey A Document of the World Bank Published by: Public Disclosure Authorized Environment, Natural Resources, Water Resources and Disaster Risk Management Unit (AFTN3) Sustainable Development Department Country Department AFCE4 Africa Region The Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward Table of Contents Acknowledgments i Acronyms and Abbreviations ii Executive Summary v Challenges of a New Nation Government’s Policy and Strategy Framework for the Water Sector Rationale and Approach of the Rapid Assessment Key Findings of the Assessment Outcome of the Assessment Next Steps References Chapter 1 Background and Objectives 1 Challenges of a New Nation Ongoing Assessments and Related Activities Specific Objectives of This Study References Chapter 2 Overview of South Sudan’s People, Water, and Natural 8 Resources Demographics Land Cover and Land Use Poverty and Vulnerability Hydrology, Topography, and Climate Water Resources Note References Chapter 3 Typology of Water Use in South Sudan Livelihoods 19 Agriculture Livestock Fisheries Energy Use and Production Domestic Water Supply Environmental Policy and Legal and Regulatory Framework Flood and Drought Risk Management Climate Change References Chapter 4 Government Strategy and Program Priorities 48 South Sudan Development Plan, 2011–13 Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Strategy South Sudan Development Plan Consolidated 2011–13 Water Sector Activities Reference The Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward Chapter 5 Institutional and Policy Environment in the Water Sector 55 Roles and Responsibilities for Water Management and Water Infrastructure State and Local Government Sector Governance and Coordination among Ministries Water Policy Institutional Assessment and Capacity Issues Transboundary Water Resources References Chapter 6 Findings of the Assessment 73 Major Development Challenges in the Water Sector Water Policy and Strategy Data, Information, and Analytical Tools Sectors of Water Use Note References Chapter 7 The Way Forward 83 New Approach to Implementing the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Strategic Framework Irrigation Policy and Strategy Framework Major Hydropower Development Managing Social and Environmental Impacts in Water Resource Management Generation and Adaptation of Complementary Knowledge References Chapter 8 Conclusions and Next Steps 97 Rationale and Approach of the Rapid Assessment Outcome of the Rapid Assessment Implementing the Recommendations Appendix A The Sudd Wetland 105 Appendix B Indicative Spatial Database for Water Resource 107 Management Planning Appendix C Design Indicators of Irrigation System Success 111 Appendix D South Sudan Development Plan and Ministry of Water 116 Resources and Irrigation Strategic Outcomes and Indicators, 2011–13 The Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward List of Maps ES.1 South Sudan ES.2 South Sudan Average Annual Rainfall, 1950–2000 1.1 South Sudan (same as map ES.1) 2.1 Distribution of Population in South Sudan 2.2 Land Cover of South Sudan 2.3 Distribution of in South Sudan 2.4 Surface Water System of South Sudan 2.5 Distribution of Average Annual Rainfall in South Sudan 2.6 Topography of South Sudan 3.1 Livelihood or Agro-ecological Zones in South Sudan 3.2 Area Thought to Have High Potential for Gravity Irrigation 3.3 Area with Significant Potential Hydropower Development Potential 3.4 Studied Hydropower Dam Sites on the Bahr el Jebel 3.5 Population Annually Exposed to Floods in South Sudan 3.6 Population Annually Exposed to Drought in South Sudan 5.1 South Sudan in the Nile River Basin List of Figures ES.1 Mandate and Functions of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation ES.2 Proposed Integrated Water Information System 2.1 Annual Maximum Flooded Area in the Sudd 3.1 Seasonality of Rainfall in the Main Livelihood Zones of South Sudan 4.1 Evolution of Policy and Strategy 4.2 Three Core Functions of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation 4.3 Allocation of Funds under the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation 2011 Budget Plan 5.1 Governance and Regulatory Structure Envisioned for the WASH Sector 5.2 A Suggested Initial Structure for Water Sector Governance 5.3 Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Organogram, 2012 7.1 The System of Knowledge Bases and Natural Resource Information Systems 7.2 Overview of The Integrated Catchment Planning Process The Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward List of Tables ES.1 South Sudan Water Resources Management Strategy ES.2 Components of Irrigation Development and Strategy in South Sudan 1.1 Donor Support for the Water Sector 2.1 Demographics of South Sudan 2.2 Vulnerability to Shock in South Sudan 3.1 Summary of Major Livelihood Patterns 3.2 Share of Cropland in Each Agro-ecological Zone 3.3 Share of Cropland by State 3.4 Comparisons of Estimated Agriculture Value Added among Five African Countries 3.5 Cattle Numbers by South Sudan States (thousands) 3.6 Types of Grazing Areas in South Sudan 3.7 Individual Schemes Studied in the Bahr el Jebel Hydropower System 3.8 Options for Full Development of the Bahr el Jebel Hydropower Cascade 3.9 Selected Characteristics of the Bahr el Jebel Hydropower Schemes 3.10 South Sudan National Environmental Policy Guidance 4.1 Selected Objectives and Indicators for the Economic Development Pillar 4.2 Strategic Framework for the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Subsectors 5.1 Water Resource Management Strategic Approach and Strategy 7.1 South Sudan Government's Top Priorities for Aid Financing 7.2 Components of Irrigation Development Policy and Strategy C.1 Average Irrigation Project Unit Costs for Sub-Saharan Africa (USD/ha in 2000 prices) C.2 Most Significant Factors Found to Influence the Unit Cost of Investment and the Performance of Irrigation Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa D.1 South Sudan Development Plan Water Sector Development Objectives, Indicators, and Targets, 2011–13 D.2 Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Consolidated 2011–13 Water Sector Activities The Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward Acknowledgements This report has been a collective outcome of the World Bank’s Environment, Natural Resources, Water Resources and Disaster Risk Management Unit for Africa Region and the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) of the Republic of South Sudan. The assessment was conducted by a Bank team including Nihal Fernando (team leader), Walter A. Garvey, Gunther A. Gutknecht, Tesfaye Bekelu, Berhane Manna, and Abel Lufafa. Nihal Fernando and Walter Garvey wrote the report. Special thanks are due to Suzan Poni Piwang for her excellent logistical and administrative arrangements and collaboration with the MWRI, other sector ministries, and the donor partners of South Sudan. A number of civil servants of the government and donor partners of South Sudan and World Bank colleagues have contributed their knowledge, experience, technical inputs, and suggestions to this report from the inception stage. In addition to individual discussions the team had with them both in Juba and in the field, most of these stakeholders attended and provided inputs to the report at a consultative workshop held in Juba by the MWRI in August 2012. The team learned a great deal from the many discussions, field visits, and debates with these stakeholders. These individuals are too numerous to mention, but the authors express their gratitude to all of them. Special thanks are due to Mr. Isaac Liabwel Chadak Yol, Undersecretary, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation of South Sudan, who has taken a special interest in this study. Given the difficult working conditions of South Sudan, this assessment would not have been possible without his enduring guidance and support. This report has been enriched by his deep and long experience in the water sector of South Sudan. The authors acknowledge the contributions made early in the conceptual stage by Jonathan S. Kamkwalala, Bella Bird, Laura Kulenburg, Louis Scura, Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep, Jeeva Perumal Pille-Essex, E. V. Jagannathan, Paulaus Van Hofwegen, Clare Barrington, Eileen Burke, and Haba Taifour. Grant Milne, Sanjay Pahuja, Anna Cestari, and Luis Earnesto Garica peer reviewed the draft final report and added immense value to it. Their intellectual vigor, suggestions, and recommendations served to sharpen the quality, presentation, and the way forward recommendations of the final report. Md. Aminul Islam and Hrishikesh Prakash Patel illustrated the report with the maps. Finally, this book is published with resources provided by Cooperation of International Waters in Africa (CIWA). The authors are grateful to Magda Lovei (Sector Manager) and Gustavo Saltiel (Program Coordinator, CIWA and NBTF) from the Environment, Natural Resources, Water Resources, and Disaster Risk Management Unit of the Sustainable Development Department of the Africa Region of the World Bank for their guidance and resources provided to the authors for this final product. i The Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward Acronyms and Abbreviations AEZ agro-ecological zone AfDB African Development Bank BCM billion (109) cubic meters BJHEPP Bahr el Jebel Hydro Electric Power Proposal BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BRIDGE Building Responsibility for the Delivery of Government Services BSF Basic Services Fund CADMP Comprehensive