Studien zur Geschichte des Völkerrechts 40 Christophe Wampach Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 Nomos https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Studien zur Geschichte des Völkerrechts Begründet von Michael Stolleis Herausgegeben von Jochen von Bernstorff Universität Tübingen, Professur für Staatsrecht, Völkerrecht und Menschenrechte Bardo Fassbender Universität St. Gallen, Lehrstuhl für Völkerrecht, Europarecht und Öffentliches Recht Anne Peters Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Heidelberg Miloš Vec Universität Wien, Institut für Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte Band 40 https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb BUT_Wampach_7718-1_OA-Online.indd 2 04.11.20 09:14 Christophe Wampach Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 Nomos https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb BUT_Wampach_7718-1_OA-Online.indd 3 04.11.20 09:14 The Open Access-publication of the electronic version of this work was supported by the Max Planck Digital Library. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de a.t.: Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Univ., Diss., 2020 ISBN 978-3-8487-7718-1 (Print) 978-3-7489-2111-0 (ePDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-3-8487-7718-1 (Print) 978-3-7489-2111-0 (ePDF) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wampach, Christophe Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 Christophe Wampach 336 pp. Includes bibliographic references. ISBN 978-3-8487-7718-1 (Print) 978-3-7489-2111-0 (ePDF) 1st Edition 2020 © Christophe Wampach Published by Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG Waldseestraße 3-5 | 76530 Baden-Baden www.nomos.de Production of the printed version: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG Waldseestraße 3-5 | 76530 Baden-Baden ISBN (Print): 978-3-8487-7718-1 ISBN (ePDF): 978-3-7489-2111-0 Onlineversion DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110 Nomos eLibrary This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb BUT_Wampach_7718-1_OA-Online.indd 4 04.11.20 09:14 To my grandfathers René and Emil https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Acknowledgements The present work is the result of a Ph.D. dissertation at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn defended in Summer Semester 2020. This book would not exist without the help and support of many persons. I would like to first thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Mathias Schmoeckel from the University of Bonn, who encouraged me to embark on the doc- toral journey, drew my attention to the topic of reprisals and showed great enthusiasm for my research. He also gave me an excellent environment at the Institut für Deutsche und Rheinische Rechtsgeschichte to broaden my knowledge on legal history and more particularly on the history of interna- tional law by making me one of his assistants. My second acknowledgement goes to Prof. Dr. Dirk Heirbaut from the Universiteit Gent, who kindly agreed to become the second assessor. I am really thankful for his interest in my work, his pertinent remarks, and for exhorting me to pursue the path of academic investigation. Thanks as well to Prof. Dr. Martin Schermaier from the University of Bonn, who organised and presided the defence under the particular cir- cumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic that shook the world. I am also very much obliged to the Gerda Henkel Stiftung which grant- ed me a two-year scholarship that made the writing of my thesis financially possible. I also want to thank my colleagues, fellow Ph.D. candidates and friends at the Institut für Deutsche und Rheinische Rechtsgeschichte for their un- failing support, our long talks about methodological issues and all the good time we spent together: PD Dr. Matthias Maetschke, Dr. Pierre Friedrich, Dr. Vincent Nossek, Dr. Gero Fuchs, Dr. Malte Becker, Dr. Alexander Kustermann, Prof. Dr. Joaquín Sedano Rueda and Frau Silvia Schmidt. I am greatly indebted to the Milla Altabás family in Lima who wel- comed me into their home and provided me with a place to serenely work, while helping me to sometimes take my mind off the naval battles, the stormy sessions in the British parliament and the fluctuating attitude of lawyers which all teemed in my head. 7 https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Acknowledgements I would like also to express my deep gratitude to my good friends Hugo W. Smart, for helping with my punctual linguistic enquiries, and Connor A. Carey, for having endorsed the burdensome task of proofreading my work. My eternal gratitude goes to my family who has always believed in me and provided me with emotional support in times of doubt and motiva- tion drop. Thank you, Papa, Maman, Florent, Corinne, and my grandpar- ents. Finally, thank you, María Belén, for all your love giving me strength to keep going. You make me feel lucky everyday to have met you. Brussels, July 2020 8 https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Table of Contents Abbreviations 15 Introduction 19 I. Outline of a Burning Issue 19 1. Contextualisation of a Remark by Karl Strupp 19 2. Blurry Line between Armed Reprisals and War 25 3. Pre-1919 Practice 30 II. Leading Question 35 III. State of Research 37 IV. Research Hypotheses 43 V. Sources 44 VI. Structure 46 Chapter One. From Regulation to Deregulation up to the End of the Eighteenth Century 49 I. Introduction 49 II. Elaboration of the Medieval Law of Reprisals 49 1. Emergence and Development of Reprisals in the Early and High Middle Ages 49 2. Theory: Bartolus de Saxoferrato’s Tractatus Represaliarum 59 (a) Significance for the Law of Reprisals 59 (b) Justification of Reprisals 63 (c) Conditions 65 i) Superior’s Consent 65 ii) Just Cause 66 (d) Execution 68 3. Risks of Abuse 69 III. Politicisation of Reprisals (XVIth–XVIIIth c.) 71 1. Transition from Private to Public Reprisals 71 (a) Diplomatic Interposition of the Sovereign 71 (b) Progressive Exclusion of Private Individuals from the Execution 77 9 https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Table of Contents 2. Public Character of Reprisals 84 (a) General Aspects 84 (b) Blurring of the Line between War and Peace 90 (c) Vattel’s Pertinent Remark 94 IV. Interim Conclusion 97 Chapter Two. Shaping of a Prerogative, 1831–1863 99 I. Introduction 99 II. Asymmetric Power Relation 100 1. Portrait of Target Countries 100 (a) Preliminary Observation: ‘Reprisal Clause’ in Bilateral Treaties 100 (b) Characteristics of Inferiority 104 2. Informal Imperialism through Reprisals 107 (a) Issues of Commercial Nature 107 (b) Assertion of National Dignity: ‘Civis Romanus Sum’, 1850 112 III. Unrestricted Resort to Reprisals 119 1. A Question of Political Opportunism: Palmerston’s Policy, 1847 119 2. Eluding Legal Requirements 121 (a) Denial of Justice debated in the British Parliament, 1850 121 (b) Preventive Recourse to Amicable Means of Settlement 124 i) The Principle laid down in the 23rd Paris Protocol of 1856 124 ii) The Cagliari affair, 1857–1858 125 iii) The Prince of Wales case: British Reprisals against Brazil, 1862–1863 127 IV. On the Questionable Edge of Peace 132 1. Disproportionate Use of Force 132 (a) Standard of Proportionality versus Efficacy 132 (b) Widening of the Category of Reprisals 135 2. Confusion between War and Peace 140 3. A Right in Vertical Power Relations 147 V. Interim Conclusion 151 10 https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110, am 01.10.2021, 00:29:34 Open Access - http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb Table of Contents Chapter Three. Legal Doctrine confronting State Practice, 1848–1912 153 I. Introduction 153 II. Precursors of the Doctrinal Debate on Armed Reprisals: Wurm and Hautefeuille 153 III.Building the Legal Theory of Pacific Blockade 158 1. Rising Interest and Controversy, 1849–1887 158 2. Examination by the Institute of International Law 164 (a) First Contact at The Hague, 1875 164 (b) The Heidelberg Declaration of 1887 165 i) Triggering Event: The French Blockade of Formosa, 1884 165 ii) The Work of the Institute 169 (c) Reception of the Institute’s Declaration 174 3. Departing State Practice: The Blockades of Siam (1893) and Crete (1897–1898) 177 4. A Custom of International Law? 182 (a) “Mais si la doctrine proteste, la politique agit” 182 (b) Dialogue of the Deaf 183 (c) Opinio Juris 187 IV. The Larger Issue of Armed Reprisals 190 1. Twilight Zone 190 (a) Variety of Armed Reprisals 190 (b) The Uncertain Dividing Line between Peace and War 193 (c) State of Reprisals 196 2. The Blockade of Venezuela (1902–1903) as Breaking Point 199 (a) Background 199 (b) The Venezuelan Preferential Claims 205 (c) The Drago-Porter Convention of 1907 208 i) Previous Efforts of Prevention of Armed Reprisals in International Law 208 ii) The Drago Doctrine as Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine 210 iii) From Political Policy to Norm of International Law 212 iv) Second Hague Peace Conference, 1907 215 v) Mixed Impact of the Second Hague Conference on Armed Reprisals 220 V.