See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351245020 The Island in Żółte on Lake Zarańskie. Early Medieval Gateway into West Pomerania. 2. Chronology. 2.4. Dendrochronological dating. Chapter · January 2014 CITATIONS READS 2 38 3 authors: Wojciech Chudziak Ryszard Kaźmierczak Nicolaus Copernicus University Nicolaus Copernicus University 23 PUBLICATIONS 63 CITATIONS 8 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Tomasz Wazny Nicolaus Copernicus University 69 PUBLICATIONS 1,010 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Horse in Poland in the Times of the Early Piasts and Internal Fragmentation. An Interdysciplinary Study View project Interdisciplinary Chronology of Civilizations Project (ICCP) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Tomasz Wazny on 30 April 2021. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Institute of Archaeology Nicolaus Copernicus University The Island in Żółte on Lake Zarańskie Early Medieval Gateway into West Pomerania edited by Wojciech Chudziak and Ryszard Kaźmierczak Toruń 2014 The Island in Żółte on Lake Zarańskie Early Medieval Gateway into West Pomerania edited by Wojciech Chudziak and Ryszard Kaźmierczak Reviewer prof. dr hab. Przemysław Urbańczyk English translation Tomasz Borkowski (Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6.3–6.8, 6.10–6.15, 9–12, Annex 1) Barbara Gostyńska (Chapters 6.1, 6.2, 6.9, 6.16, 7) Wojciech Krzyżanowski (Chapters 3, 8) Managing editor Paweł Kucypera Secretaries Ryszard Kaźmierczak Małgorzata Markiewicz Chief graphic Barbara Kowalewska Proofreading Team Cover design Barbara Kowalewska Cover photos Wiesław Ochotny, Wiesław Stępień Published according to the project of NCS: Wyspa w Żółtym na przełomie I i II tysiąclecia – centrum społeczno-kulturowe na Pomorzu Zachodnim (No. 2011/01/B/HS3/034014) This publication was partailly funded from the budget of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship ©Copyright by Nicolaus Copernicus University ©Copyright by Stanisław Staszic Pomeranian Library in Szczecin All rights reserved ISBN 978-83-231-3352-0 ISBN 978-83-64070-32-7 DTP Paweł Kucypera Printed by Abedik l.l.c., Glinki 84, 85-861 Bydgoszcz, [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 7 Wojciech Chudziak, Ryszard Kaźmierczak 1.1. Aim and problems 7 1.2.2. The island – site 33 11 1.2. Description of the archaeological sites 10 1.3. History of research 11 1.2.1. The stronghold and adjacent open settlement – 1.4. Range and methods of research 15 sites 1, 1a, and 1b (peninsula) 10 1.5. Source base of the study 16 2. Chronology 17 Wojciech Chudziak, Ryszard Kaźmierczak 2.1. Stratigraphical method 17 2.3. Numismatic sources 21 2.1.1. The first phase (I) 17 2.4. Dendrochronological dating 21 2.1.2. The second phase (II) 18 Wojciech Chudziak, Ryszard Kaźmierczak, Tomasz Ważny 2.2. Typological-comparative method – pottery and 2.5. Radiocarbon dating 24 other artefacts 19 2.6. Summary 25 3. Natural environment 27 3.1. Geomorphological setting 27 3.2.3.2. The hydrology of Lake Zarańskie Jarosław Kordowski and its catchment 43 3.1.1. Location 27 3.2.3.2.1. Morphometric and morphological 3.1.2. Methods 27 parameters of the lake 43 3.1.3. Landforms 27 3.2.3.2.2. Description of Lake Zarańskie 3.1.4. Surface deposits 29 catchment 45 3.1.4.1. Fluvioglacial sands and gravels 29 3.2.3.2.3. Physical and chemical properties of 3.1.4.2. Glacial tills 30 the lake 47 3.1.4.2.1. Supposed glacial suite 30 3.3. Vegetation and settlement history as reflected 3.1.4.2.2. Debrites 30 by pollen analysis 49 3.1.4.3. Kame sands 34 Agnieszka M. Noryśkiewicz 3.1.4.4. Ablational sands 34 3.3.1. Introductory remarks 49 3.1.4.4.1. Fluvioglacial sands and gravels (younger) 34 3.3.2. Materials and methods 49 3.1.4.4.2. Deluvia (colluvial deposits) 36 3.3.3. Vegetation history 51 3.1.4.4.3. Limnic sands and gravels 36 3.3.4. Settlement history in the context of 3.1.4.4.4. Peats and gyttjas 38 palynological indicators – from the 3.1.4.4.5. Anthropogenic deposits 39 Migration Period to the Middle Ages 57 3.1.5. Conclusions 40 3.3.4.1. FRL/JZa-4 285–330 cm 57 3.2. Lake Zarańskie – hydrographic and 3.3.4.2. FO/JZa5 170–285 cm 57 hydrological conditions 40 3.3.4.3. FRL/JZa-5 145–170 cm 58 Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka, Adam Solarczyk 3.3.4.4. FO/JZa-6; 30–145 cm 59 3.2.1. Location 40 3.4. Reconstruction of surface elevation variations 3.2.2. Methods 40 in Lake Zarańskie 60 3.2.3. Results 41 Wojciech Chudziak, Ryszard Kaźmierczak, Jarosław Kordowski, 3.2.3.1. Hydrographic changes revealed by the Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka, Agnieszka M. Noryśkiewicz, Adam Solarczyk study of historical and present-day maps 41 4 Contents 4. Cultural stratigraphy 65 Wojciech Chudziak, Ryszard Kaźmierczak 4.1. The island 65 4.1.2. The underwater environment 82 4.1.1. The terrestrial environment 65 4.2. The stronghold 86 4.1.1.1. Phase I 65 4.3. The settlement (site 1b) 88 4.1.1.2. Phase II 76 5. Layout of the settlement space of the island 91 Wojciech Chudziak, Ryszard Kaźmierczak, Jacek Niegowski 5.1. Spacer construction and the palisade (phase Ia) 91 5.4. The construction of the wharves, platforms, 5.2. The earthen embankment and the cultural layer palisade and the bridge (phase II1–5) 103 (phase Ib–Ic) 96 5.5. Peninsula 108 5.3. Settlement pits under metalling (phase IIa) and 5.5.1. Stronghold 108 metalling with buildings (phase IIb) 99 5.5.2. The open settlement 109 6. Finds: functional categories and analysis 111 6.1. Pottery 111 6.2.3. Spoons 163 Piotr Błędowski, Wojciech Chudziak Wojciech Chudziak, Ryszard Kaźmierczak 6.1.1. Methodology 111 6.2.4. Knives 175 6.1.2. General characteristics of the assemblage 111 Sebastian Kalinowski 6.1.3. Manufacturing technique and vessel 6.2.5. Knife handle fittings 176 forms/types 112 Sebastian Kalinowski 6.1.3.1. Type AB/Sukow vessels 112 6.2.6. Whetstones and polishing stones 178 6.1.3.2. Type C/Feldberg vessels 114 Sebastian Kalinowski 6.1.3.3. Type D/Menkendorf vessels 115 6.2.7. Perforators 185 6.1.3.4. Type E/Woldegk vessels 115 Sebastian Kalinowski 6.1.3.5. Type F/Fresendorf vessels 121 6.2.8. Strike-a-light 185 6.1.3.6. Type G/Vipperow vessels 122 Sebastian Kalinowski 6.1.3.7. Type H/Weisdin vessels 127 6.2.9. Scraper 185 6.1.3.8. Type I/Warder vessels 128 Sebastian Kalinowski 6.1.3.9. Type J/Teterow vessels 129 6.2.10. Household equipment 189 6.1.3.10. Type K vessels 129 Barbara Kowalewska 6.1.3.11. Type M/Bobzin vessels 135 6.3. Construction tools 191 6.1.3.12. Type O–R vessels 137 Ryszard Kaźmierczak 6.1.3.13. Type S vessels 137 6.4. Items associated with spinning and weaving 196 6.1.3.14. Goblets 139 Barbara Kowalewska 6.1.3.15. Luxury pottery 139 6.4.1. Spinning tools 196 6.1.3.16. Potters’ marks 140 6.4.2. Tools and weaving products 212 6.1.4. Synchronisation of pottery assemblages 6.5. Rope-making products and tools 217 and their structure 140 Barbara Kowalewska 6.1.4.1. Phases Ia, b 141 6.6. Leather working 220 6.1.4.2. Phase Ic 141 Ryszard Kaźmierczak 6.1.4.3. Phases I, II 142 6.6.1. Footwear 221 6.1.4.4. Phase II 142 6.6.2. Sheaths 227 6.1.4.5. Phase IIa 143 6.6.3. Others (unidentified waste, patches, 6.1.4.6. Phase IIb 143 and straps) 227 6.2. Household equipment 145 6.7. Agricultural Tools 234 6.2.1. Wooden vessels 145 Sebastian Kalinowski, Ryszard Kaźmierczak Barbara Kowalewska 6.7.1. Sickles and a wooden hoe 234 6.2.1.1. Stave-built vessels 145 6.7.2. Querns and rubber stones 234 6.2.1.2. Turned vessels 151 6.8. Fishing equipment 239 6.2.1.3. Hollowed-out vessels 153 Ryszard Kaźmierczak 6.2.2. Kitchen utensils 160 6.8.1. Tools for the production of fishing Barbara Kowalewska equipment 239 Contents 5 6.8.2. Fishing accessories 239 Wojciech Chudziak 6.9. Weapons and horse tack 243 6.14. Means of exchange and merchant utensils 270 Ryszard Kaźmierczak Wojciech Chudziak 6.9.1. Striking weapons 244 6.14.1. Coins 270 6.9.2. Spears 250 Wojciech Chudziak, Adam Musiałowski 6.9.3. Ranged weapons 251 6.14.2. Balances and weights 273 6.9.4. Horse tack 251 6.14.3. Iron bowl 277 6.10. Sound tools and musical instruments 252 6.14.4. Counting sticks 278 Barbara Kowalewska, Ryszard Kaźmierczak 6.15. Means of transport 279 6.11. Combs 255 Ryszard Kaźmierczak Ewelina Błędowska 6.16. Unidentified artefacts 282 6.12. Jewellery and parts of costume 258 Barbara Kowalewska, Ryszard Kaźmierczak Ryszard Kaźmierczak, Tomasz Hildebrandt 6.16.1. Wooden artefacts 282 6.12.1. Jewellery 258 6.16.2. Metal finds 301 6.12.2. Parts of costume 267 6.16.3. Objects made of flint, stone, amber, antler, 6.13. Items associated with cult and magic 268 and clay 302 7. Faunal remains 311 Daniel Makowiecki, Marzena Makowiecka 7.1.