Develop a basin scale analysis strongly MSP oriented Deliverable C.1.1.1. Co-funded by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund of the European Union. Agreement EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/01/S12.742087 - SUPREME ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The work described in this report was supported by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund of the European Union- through the Grant Agreement EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/01/S12.742087 - SUPREME, corresponding to the Call for proposal EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3 for Projects on Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP). DISCLAIMERS This document reflects only the authors’ views and not those of the European Union. This work may rely on data from sources external to the SUPREME project Consortium. Members of the Consortium do not accept liability for loss or damage suffered by any third party as a result of errors or inaccuracies in such data. The user thereof uses the information at its sole risk and neither the European Union nor any member of the SUPREME Consortium, are liable for any use that may be made of the information The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present document do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in the present document are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by UN Environment/ MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat. UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat is not accountable for the data and cannot guarantee that they are correct, accurate or comprehensive. SUPREME Deliverable Nr. x.x Supporting maritime spatial Planning in the Eastern Project Full title Mediterranean (SUPREME) Project Acronym SUPREME Agreement EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/01/S12.742087 - Grant Agreement No. SUPREME Coordinator Dr. Pierpaolo Campostrini Project start date and duration 01/01/2017 – 31/12/2018 Project website http://www.msp-supreme.eu/ Deliverable Nr. C.1.1.1. Deliverable Date 28/12/2017 Status: Final (F) / Draft (D) / F Revised draft (RV) Task number C.1.1. Task number Title Initial Assesment Responsible Institute (acronym) NTUA/ UTH NTUA: Avgerinou-Kolonias S., Theodora G., Toufengopoulou A., Papagiannakis S., Spyropoulos I., Koutsari M., Petrakos K., Stratakis P. UTH: Beriatos E., Papageorgiou M., Sakellariou S., Authors Christopoulou O., Kallioras D., Sfougaris A., Karapanagiotidis I., Mente E. NKUA: Dassenakis M., Poulos S., Megalophonou P., Paramana Th., Chalkiadaki O., Karditsa A., Petrakis S., Milatou N. IUAV: Bassan N., Di Carlo D., Gissi E., Manea E., Musco F. CNR ISMAR: Barbanti A., Farella G., Venier C., Sarretta A. Contributors CNR IRBIM: Grati F., Bolognini L., Tassetti A., Scanu M. CORILA: Morelli M., Rosina A., Campostrini P. 3 SUPporting Maritime Spatial Planning in the Eastern MEditerranean Table of contents Introduction: defining the working framework…………………. 5 1. General Overview…………………………………………………………. 14 1.1. Geographical and physical features……………………. 16 1.2 Marine delimitations and jurisdictions………………… 18 2. The Marine Environment………………………………………………. 20 2.1. Structure, functions and processes of marine 21 ecosystems……………………………………………………………….. 2.2 Anthropogenic pressures on the marine 49 environment……………………………………………………………… 3. Maritime activities and their socio-economic trends…….. 77 3.1. Extraction of Living resources…………………………….. 78 3.2. Extraction of non-living resources………………………. 91 3.3. Cultivation of living resources…………………………….. 110 3.4. Transport……………………………………………………………. 120 3.5. Physical restructuring of coastline or seabed……… 141 3.6. Production of energy………………………………………….. 150 3.7. Tourism and leisure……………………………………………. 169 3.8. Public Sector………………………………………………………. 191 4. Land-sea interactions……………………………………………………. 200 4.1. Interactions due to natural processes………………… 202 4.2. Interactions due to uses and activities……………….. 210 5. Conflicts and synergies in the use of maritime space…….. 227 6. Legal Framework and governance structure…………………. 235 7. Planning Issues……………………………………………………………... 242 8. Transboundary issues……………………………………………………. 246 References………………………………………………………………………… 256 4 SUPporting Maritime Spatial Planning in the Eastern MEditerranean Introduction: defining the working framework Capitalizing the results obtained in previous projects, Subtask C.1.1.1: “Develop a basin scale analysis strongly MSP oriented” develops a comprehensive framework about relevant MSP issues in the Eastern Mediterranean area. The main objective of Subtask C1.1.1 is: • to harmonize all the information available, • to summarise, organize and synthesise knowledge considering the necessity of undertaking an MSP process, • to recollect and elaborate on priorities, concerns, critical issues, as well as knowledge gaps on the entire SUPREME domain, • to set the state of knowledge in order to frame the subsequent phases in implementing the MSP process. This initial analysis considers relevant characteristics of the area, including: the marine environment; maritime activities and key sectoral and socio-economic trends; emerging pressures and conflicts in the use of maritime space; legal framework and related issues, governance structure. The analysis has been developed starting from gathering existing knowledge and experiences, considering the Barcelona Convention, its relevant Protocols, processes, such as the ICZM Protocol and the Ecosystem Approach, the present implementation of the MSFD, WFD, H&B Directives, SEA/EIA, CFP and other relevant policies. Existing information (and related data) has been collected in an operational way, to be immediately useful. The activity has been performed mainly on the basis of existing previous works, through the review of existing policy documents, giving place to a synthetic understanding on the Eastern Mediterranean area, considering planning priorities and addressing in particular cross border critical issues and data gaps. This activity performs a capitalization of the results of the projects focusing on the Eastern Mediterranean marine area. Official data and information about maritime activities, environmental status, pressures, conflicts, governance structure and planning issues already collected have been organized in a synthetic, efficient and comparable way. The Summary of the existing MSP relevant knowledge in the Eastern Mediterranean marine area , (with emphasis on cross-border issues), has relied on the SUPREME Country Fiche which was completed by SUPREME Partners at national level, that is fopr Croatia, Greece, Italy and Slovenia. The Country fiche was structured based on the 11 descriptors of the MSFD so as to guide gathering the required knowledge and has incorporated the specificities,), concerns and issues of each Country’s marine waters Questions were provided for each chapter in order to guide the elaboration of the relevant knowledge for the “basin scale analysis strongly MSP oriented. Although data gathering and data management is not the main concern of the Subtask C1.1.1, this phase was a starting point to collect information, references (important to guide data gathering in the subsequent tasks), and if already available spatial data and layers. 5 SUPporting Maritime Spatial Planning in the Eastern MEditerranean There are different scales at which data and information have been recollected: 1) the scale of the entire SUPREME geographical scope; 2) the scale of the Regions/Countries, 3) the scale of the case study areas. The Country Fiche Components on which the Croatian, Greek, Italian and Slovenian fiches were based are: 1 – General Overview 2 – The Marine Environment (MSFD based/oriented) 3 – Maritime activities and their socio-economic trends 4 – Land-sea interactions 5 – Conflicts and synergies in the use of maritime space 6 – Legal framework and governance structure 7 – Planning Issues 8 – Transboundary issues 6 SUPporting Maritime Spatial Planning in the Eastern MEditerranean 1 – General Overview This section aims to describe the main characteristics of the marine area: geographical and physical features (geology, bathymetry, hydrography etc) and jurisdictional considerations (maritime delimitations and jurisdictions). • 1.1 Geographical and physical features (geology, bathymetry, hydrography etc) • 1.2 Marine delimitations and jurisdictions (internal waters, territorial waters, EEZ etc) 2 – The Marine Environment (MSFD based/oriented) The goal of Section 2 is to provide knowledge in relation to the marine environment and the progress to Good Environmental Status in particular - as far as possible - in order to inform the MSP process, as well as identify any knowledge gaps. Partners have provided information to describe the environmental features characterizing their marine region, and indicated the most critical areas as well as activities that constitute the main source of anthropogenic pressures impacting the environment. Priorities and concerns in relation to the state of the environment and related anthropogenic pressures have been highlighted. Partners have articulated the description according to the characteristics and peculiarities of their marine areas. • 2.1 Structure, functions and processes of marine ecosystems Themes: o Species (i.e. marine mammals, turtles, cephalopods, fish and shellfish, commercially exploited species) – Relevant