UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Exploring Unexploited Compositional Space in Intercultural, Cross-level, and Concurrence Features of Music A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Music by Hsin-Ming Lin Committee in charge: Professor Shlomo Dubnov, Chair Professor Natacha D. Diels Professor Lei Liang Professor Miller S. Puckette Professor Akos Rona-Tas 2017 The dissertation of Hsin-Ming Lin is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii Table of Contents Signature Page ............................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. x List of Tables ............................................................................................................... xiv Vita .............................................................................................................................. xvi Abstract of the Dissertation ....................................................................................... xviii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Preliminary ......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Data Science .................................................................................................. 2 1.1.2 Computational Musicology ........................................................................... 6 1.2 Rationale ............................................................................................................. 8 1.2.1 Personal Background ..................................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Exploitation ................................................................................................. 10 1.2.3 Mutualism .................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Levels of Feature .............................................................................................. 16 1.3.1 Low .............................................................................................................. 17 1.3.2 Middle .......................................................................................................... 19 1.3.3 High ............................................................................................................. 20 1.3.4 Meta ............................................................................................................. 22 1.4 Levels of Representation .................................................................................. 22 iv 1.4.1 MIDI ............................................................................................................ 25 1.4.2 LilyPond ...................................................................................................... 26 1.4.3 Humdrum ..................................................................................................... 27 1.4.4 MusicXML .................................................................................................. 28 1.5 Melodic Contour ............................................................................................... 30 1.5.1 Audio ........................................................................................................... 30 1.5.2 Symbolic ...................................................................................................... 35 1.6 Datasets ............................................................................................................. 36 1.6.1 Audio ........................................................................................................... 36 1.6.2 Symbolic ...................................................................................................... 37 1.6.3 Hybrid .......................................................................................................... 40 2. Implementation ........................................................................................................ 43 2.1 Preparation ........................................................................................................ 44 2.1.1 Data Cleaning .............................................................................................. 44 2.1.2 Samples Quantity ......................................................................................... 44 2.1.3 Environment ................................................................................................ 45 2.2 Features ............................................................................................................. 46 2.2.1 Susceptibility ............................................................................................... 46 2.2.2 Indices of Tessitura and Mobility ................................................................ 51 2.2.3 jSymbolic Feature Set .................................................................................. 52 2.2.4 Concurrence and Non-concurrence ............................................................. 53 2.3 Intercultural and Cross-level ............................................................................. 57 v 3. Exploration ............................................................................................................... 61 3.1 Observation ....................................................................................................... 62 3.1.1 Dataset by Dataset ....................................................................................... 62 3.1.2 Sample by Sample ....................................................................................... 66 3.1.3 Adding Tessitura and Mobility .................................................................... 68 3.2 Perspectives ...................................................................................................... 71 3.2.1 External ........................................................................................................ 72 3.2.2 Internal ......................................................................................................... 76 3.3 Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 82 3.3.1 Balanced Dataset ......................................................................................... 82 3.3.2 Feature Sets ................................................................................................. 84 3.3.3 Classification ............................................................................................... 85 3.3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................... 91 3.4 Composition ...................................................................................................... 95 3.4.1 Fundamentals ............................................................................................... 95 3.4.2 Outliers ........................................................................................................ 98 3.4.3 Experiments ................................................................................................. 99 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 104 4.1 Contribution .................................................................................................... 105 4.2 Application ..................................................................................................... 107 4.3 Limitation ....................................................................................................... 107 4.4 Expectation ..................................................................................................... 108 vi Appendix .................................................................................................................... 110 A1. Selected jSymbolic Features from [15] ........................................................... 110 Sixteen Pitch Features ........................................................................................ 110 Sixteen Melody Features .................................................................................... 110 A2. Susceptibilities of All Datasets ........................................................................ 111 Part One of Three (mean ≥ 6) ............................................................................. 111 Part Two of Three (5 ≤ mean < 6) ...................................................................... 112 Part Three of Three (mean < 5) .......................................................................... 113 A3. Selected Quartets from [53] for Chapter 3.3 ................................................... 114 Haydn’s String Quartets (80 movements) .........................................................