Book 2: Marine / Buku 2: Lautan Panduan Sejarah Ekologi Taman Nasional Komodo A Natural History Guide to Komodo National Park Arnaz Mehta Erdmann Illustrations by Donald Bason Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam Book 2: Marine / Buku 2: Lautan Panduan Sejarah Ekologi Taman Nasional Komodo Potato grouper/ Ikan kerapu kentang (Ephinephelus tukula) A Natural History Guide to Komodo National Park Author / Editor: Arnaz Mehta Erdmann Translation by Wasistini Baitoningsih (Ecosafe Consultants, Bali, Indonesia) Illustrations and lay-out by Donald Bason Published by The Nature Conservancy Indonesia Coastal and Marine Program June 2004 Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam "This publication was made possible through support provided by the Office of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Global Programs, Field Support, and Research, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Award No. LAG-A-00-99-00045-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development.” Additional funding has been provided through the UNOCAL “Special Partnership for Conservation” program; grant number 2002-SGP-02. Book 2/ Buku 2: Komodo National Park/Taman Nasional Komodo Marine/Lautan Contents: Chapter 1: THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT.........................................................1 Chapter 2: COASTAL MARINE ECO-SYSTEMS...................................................7 2.1: Mangrove Ecosystems.............................................................................................9 2.2: Seagrass Ecosystems.............................................................................................15 2.3: Coral Reef Ecosystems...........................................................................................17 Chapter 3: MARINE ORGANISMS..................................................................23 3.1: Marine Plants........................................................................................................25 3.2: Forams.................................................................................................................29 3.3: Marine Invertebrate Animals..................................................................................31 3.3-1:Sponge................................................................................................31 3.3-2:Cnidarians............................................................................................33 3.3-3:Marine Worms............................................................................................49 3.3-4:Mollusks.................................................................................................51 3.3-5:Crustaceans................................................................................................63 3.3-6:Echinoderms...............................................................................................67 3.3-7:Ascidians.....................................................................................................77 Chapter 4: MARINE FISHES............................................................................79 4.1: Cartilaginous Fishes..............................................................................................81 4.2: Bony Fishes...........................................................................................................91 4.3: Pelagic Fishes......................................................................................................137 Chapter 5: MARINE REPTILES.......................................................................143 5.1: Sea Snakes.........................................................................................................143 5.2: Sea Turtles..........................................................................................................147 Chapter 6: MARINE MAMMALS....................................................................155 6.1: Dugongs............................................................................................................155 6.2: Cetaceans..........................................................................................................159 APPENDIX 4 List of Algae Species in Komodo National Park.....................................................i APPENDIX 5 List of Mangroves Found in the Area of Loh Buaya, Rinca .....................................iv APPENDIX 6 Species List of Marine Fishes in Komodo National Park.........................................v APPENDIX 7 Whales and Dolphins of Komodo National Park and Surrounding Waters............xx APPENDIX 8 Endangered animals of Komodo National Park.................................................xxi Isi: Bab 1: LINGKUNGAN LAUT..............................................................................2 Bab 2: EKOSISTEM PESISIR................................................................................8 2.1: Ekosistem Bakau...................................................................................................10 2.2: Ekosistem Padang Lamun......................................................................................16 2.3: Ekosistem Terumbu Karang....................................................................................18 Bab 3: ORGANISMA LAUT..............................................................................24 3.1: Tumbuhan Laut.....................................................................................................26 3.2: Foram..................................................................................................................30 3.3: Hewan Avertebrata Laut........................................................................................32 3.3-1:Sepon...................................................................................................32 3.3-2:Cnidaria......................................................................................................34 3.3-3:Cacing Laut.................................................................................................50 3.3-4:Molluska.................................................................................................52 3.3-5:Krustasea....................................................................................................64 3.3-6:Ekinodermata..............................................................................................68 3.3-7:Ascidia........................................................................................................78 Bab 4: IKAN LAUT..........................................................................................80 4.1: Ikan Bertulang Rawan............................................................................................82 4.2: Ikan Bertulang Sejati.............................................................................................92 4.3: Ikan Pelagik........................................................................................................138 Bab 5: REPTILIA LAUT...................................................................................144 5.1: Ular Laut............................................................................................................144 5.2: Penyu.................................................................................................................148 Bab 6: MAMALIA LAUT..................................................................................156 6.1: Duyung..............................................................................................................156 6.2: Cetacea..............................................................................................................160 APPENDIX 4 Daftar jenis ganggang di Taman Nasional Komodo..............................................i APPENDIX 5 Daftar jenis bakau yang ditemukan di wilayah Loh Buaya, Rinca..........................iv APPENDIX 6 Daftar jenis ikan laut di Taman Nasional Komodo................................................v APPENDIX 7 Paus dan Lumba-lumba di Taman Nasional Komodo dan perairan sekitarnya......xx APPENDIX 8 Hewan-hewan yang terancam punah di Taman Nasional Komodo.....................xxi Chapter 1: THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Chapter 1: THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 1. How fast are the currents in Komodo National Park? The currents in Komodo can be anywhere from zero to over eight knots depending on location and tides. Swift Currents Komodo National Park is famous for some of the swiftest currents on the planet that sometimes resemble a raging river. The reason why water travels so fast within the Park is because Komodo and Rinca form a bottleneck passage between two large deep bodies of water, namely the Pacific Ocean to the north and the Indian Ocean to the south. During tidal changes vast amounts of water must move south to north during rising tide, or north to south during falling tide. Since a limited number of north-south water passages exist in the Lesser Sunda Islands for this exchange of water to take place, an enormous volume of water is forced to travel through the narrow passages of Komodo National Park at a very rapid rate. 2. What is the tidal range? The maximum tidal range between high and low tide in Komodo National Park is about 1.5 meters. There are two high tides and two low tides a day, but one high tide is not as large as other (mixed tide, prevailing semidiurnal). 3. How big