IRIX® Admin: Networking and Mail 007-2860-012 CONTRIBUTORS Written by Arthur Evans and Jeffrey B. Zurschmeide Updated by Pam Sogard, Helen Vanderberg, Bob Bernard, Terry Schultz, Julie Boney, and Ken Jones Production by Karen Jacobson and Ken Jones Engineering contributions by Michel Bourget, Scott Henry, Carlin Otto, Kam Kashani, Chris Wagner, Paul Mielke, Robert Stephens, Joe Yetter, Gretchen Helms, John Schimmel, Robert Mende, Vernon Schryver, Michael Nelson, and Landon Noll Illustrations by Dany Galgani COPYRIGHT © 1996 —2005 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights reserved; provided portions may be copyright in third parties, as indicated elsewhere herein. No permission is granted to copy, distribute, or create derivative works from the contents of this electronic documentation in any manner, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc. LIMITED RIGHTS LEGEND The software described in this document is “commercial computer software” provided with restricted rights (except as to included open/free source) as specified in the FAR 52.227-19 and/or the DFAR 227.7202, or successive sections. Use beyond license provisions is a violation of worldwide intellectual property laws, treaties and conventions. This document is provided with limited rights as defined in 52.227-14. TRADEMARKS AND ATTRIBUTIONS Silicon Graphics, SGI, the SGI logo, Challenge, IRIS, IRIX, Onyx, and Origin are registered trademarks and 4DDN, 4DLT, FDDI Visualyzer, IRIX NetWorker, IRIS 4D, and NetVisualyzer are trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc., in the United States and/or other countries worldwide. DSI is a trademark of Digicom Systems, Inc. FLEXlm is a trademark of GLOBEtrotter Software, Inc. Hayes is a registered trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. IBM 3270 is a trademark of International Business Machines, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Macintosh is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Corporation. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Sun and RPC are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Tektronix is a trademark of Tektronix, Inc. Telebit is a registered trademark of Telebit Corporation. Robotics is a registered trademark of U. S. Robotics, Inc. UNIX and X Window System are registered trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. ZyXEL is a trademark of ZyXEL. What’s New in This Guide This rewrite of the IRIX Admin Networking and Mail guide includes the following changes: • Updated section “Setting Up an Anonymous FTP Account” in Chapter 3. • Miscellaneous corrections 007-2860-012 iii Record of Revision Version Description 006 February 2000 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.7 release. 007 February 2002 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.15 release. 008 February 2003 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.19 release. 009 Novembor 2003 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.22 release. 010 February 2004 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.23 release. 011 May 2004 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.24 release. 012 October 2005 Miscellaneous corrections. 007-2860-012 v Contents List of Figures . xix List of Tables . xxi What This Guide Contains . xxiii Conventions Used in This Guide . xxiv Additional Resources . xxv Obtaining Publications . xxviii Reader Comments . xxviii 1. About Networking Products . 1 Networking Hardware . 1 Basic Network Attachment . 2 Networking Hardware Options. 3 Controller Interface Names . 4 Networking Software . 4 Optional Networking Products . 5 2. Planning a Network . .7 Planning the Physical Network . 7 About Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, and Gateways . 8 About Network Performance . 9 About Wide Area Networks. 10 Internet Protocol Addresses . 14 Format of Internet Protocol (IP) Version 4 Addresses . 15 Obtaining a Network Number . 17 Required Information for Obtaining an Internet Address . 18 007-2860-012 vii Contents Internet Protocol Version 6 . 18 IPv6 Overview . 19 IPv6 Addressing . 20 Format of Internet Protocol IP Version 6 Addresses . 21 IPv6 Header Format . 22 Installing and Configuring IPv6 . 24 Domain Names . 24 Obtaining a Domain Name . 25 About Subdomains . 25 About Internet Connections . 25 Before Connecting to the Internet . 26 About Local Network Information Centers. 27 Online Information Sources . 30 About Name-to-Address Mapping . 32 /etc/hosts Database . 33 Domain Name System . 33 Network Information Service (NIS) . 33 Guidelines for a Subnetwork . 34 IP Address Allocation . 36 About Network Security . 37 Common Network Applications . 37 About Electronic Mail . 37 About Network File System (NFS) . 37 3. Setting Up a Network . 39 Configuring a System for a Network. 39 Attaching Your Station to an Ethernet Network . 40 Checking Your Ethernet Connection . .40 Checking the Network Software Configuration . 43 About the Hosts Database . 43 Modifying the Hosts Database . 45 Naming Your Station . 46 Testing Your Network Connectivity. 46 viii 007-2860-012 Contents Setting Up a Router . 47 Configuring a Router With Two Interfaces . 47 Configuring a Router With More Than Two Interfaces . 48 Configuring Routing Behavior . 49 Turning On Multicast Routing . 50 About Multicast Packets Forwarding . .51 Setting Up Tunnels to Support Multicast Packets. 53 Updating /etc/rpc for NIS Users . 54 Subnetting a Network. 55 Setting the Netmask . 55 Rebooting the Station. 56 Modifying the Network Interface Configuration With the /etc/config/netif.options File . 56 Modifying the Interface Name in the /etc/config/netif.options File . 58 Modifying the Interface Address in the /etc/config/netif.options File . 59 Assigning IP Aliases . 60 Changing Network Parameters in the ifconfig-#.options File . 62 Configuring /etc/gateways Files for Networks That Do Not Support Broadcast or Multicast . 64 /etc/gateways File Format . 64 Examples of /etc/gateways Files . 66 Configuring Multiple Network Interfaces . 67 Dynamic Host Configuration With Proclaim . .68 DHCP Server Basic Operation . 69 Configuring the DHCP Server . 69 Configuring the DHCP Relay Agent . 83 Setting up the DHCP Proclaim Client . .85 Limitations of DHCP . 90 Creating a Local Network Script. 91 Turning On Remote Access Logging . 91 Setting Up Network-Wide Services . 92 Setting Up an Anonymous FTP Account . 92 Setting Up a Password-Protected FTP Account . 97 About InfoSearch File Servers . 99 Setting up Time Synchronization Service . .103 007-2860-012 ix Contents Accessing Network Services through Internet Gateway . 104 Reserving Resources With RSVP . 105 Installing RSVP . 106 Troubleshooting RSVP . 107 Troubleshooting Your Ethernet Connection. 108 Troubleshooting Cable Problems . 108 Troubleshooting Late-Collision Problems . 109 Troubleshooting Packet Size Problems . 110 Troubleshooting Server Contact Problems . 110 Checking Additional Network Interfaces . 111 Configuring a Dual-port Gigabit Ethernet Board . 112 How To Change Your Primary Network Interface . 112 4. Introducing Network Management . 115 Resources for Network Management . 115 About Network Management Functions . 116 About Network Startup and Shutdown . 117 Network Initialization Process . 117 Network Shutdown Process . 119 Network Management Tools . 119 Interpreting Network Statistics . 123 Testing Network Connectivity With ping . 123 Measuring Network Throughput With ttcp . 124 Collecting Network Statistics With netstat . 126 Network Tuning Information . 127 About Setting MTU Sizes . 128 About Setting Packet Forwarding . 128 About Setting Window Sizes . 128 HTTP Considerations . 129 x 007-2860-012 Contents Troubleshooting Poor Network Performance . .129 Troubleshooting Hardware Problems to Improve Network Performance . .129 Troubleshooting Network Configuration to Improve Network Performance . .130 Troubleshooting Network Daemons to Improve Network Performance . .131 Decreasing Packet Size to Improve Network Performance . .131 Kernel Configuration for Better Network Performance . .132 5. SLIP and PPP . .133 About SLIP and PPP . .134 Setting Up a SLIP or PPP Connection: General Procedures . .135 Verifying the SLIP and PPP Software . .136 Installing the SLIP and PPP Software . .137 Selecting a Modem . .137 IP Addresses for SLIP and PPP Clients . .137 Configuring a System for Dial-Out . .138 Configuration Files for Dial-Out . .138 Sample SLIP Configuration for Dial-Out . .142 Sample PPP Configuration for Dial-Out . .142 Configuring a System for Dial-In . .144 Configuring /etc/passwd for Dial-In With SLIP . .144 Configuring /usr/etc/remoteslip for Dial-In With SLIP. .145 Configuring /etc/passwd for Dial-In With PPP . .146 SLIP and PPP Routing and Address Allocation . .146 About Proxy-ARP Routing for SLIP Connections. .147 Setting Up SLIP/PPP Subnets for Client Addresses . .149 About Connected SLIP or PPP Networks . .149 Using Dynamic Address Allocation With PPP . .150 Configuring a Bidirectional Link. ..