THE ANALYSIS OF PUNCTUATION USE IN UNPUNCTUATED PASSAGES: A DISCOURSE-GRAPHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE A THESIS Submitted to English Language Teaching Department, Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Faculty, Syekh Nurjati State Islamic Institute Cirebon In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements of Undergraduate Degree By: DISKI EGINDA RISMIANTI Reg. Number: 1411310149 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING DEPARTMENT TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY SYEKH NURJATI STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUTE CIREBON 2015 i ABSTRACT Diski Eginda Rismianti. 14111310149. The Analysis of Punctuation Use in Unpunctuated Passages: A Discourse-Graphology Perspective. Punctuation is the basic element in writing which is important to clarify meaning. Without punctuation or ignoring the rule of punctuation in a passage, the writing will be ambiguous. The writing course in IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon is studied by English Student in 5 levels. Based the phenomenon, this research aims to find out the students’ error in the use of punctuation and how does the use relate to the meaning of restrictive and nonrestrictive elements. The analyses process in this research is constructed based on the theory from Marcella Frank. This research used qualitative method in analyzing data where the data contains the two original passages which is taken from the book of academic writing and the three participants’ work which are got by examining the passages as a main data source to be analyzed in this research. Those passages are changed be unpunctuated passages then examined to the 3 EFL learner which comes from the high score, medium score, and low score of writing. The result of this analysis shows that there are fifteen punctuation marks which are used in the two passages; they are capitalization, periods, commas, semicolons, colons, quotation marks, parentheses, apostrophes, hyphen, en dashes, ellipses, percent, underscore, at sign, and citation. FP has highest number of error in Capitalization with 100%. SP has big problem in commas exactly in the nineteenth rule with 90% and TP are wrong in parentheses. For restrictive and nonrestrictive elements, restrictive elements has higher number than nonrestrictive elements, except is in appositive. The numbers of the elements are same with the three participants. The differences come from the number of appositive which passages has higher number of nonrestrictive appositive than restrictive appositives. The results show that punctuation in unpunctuated passages used the rule from APA (American Psychological Association). The effects of the use of punctuation are in the number of sentences and clauses, types of phrases, and restrictive and nonrestrictive elements. For the students’ error, there are some sentences in FP and TP which only contain phrase. Key words: Punctuation Marks, Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clause, Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Phrase, Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Appositives. iii . RATIX'ICATION This thesis entitled 3'The Analysis of Punctuation Use in Unpunctuated Passages: A l)iscourse-Grapholory Penpective'written by Diski Eginda Rismianti, student number l4l I l3l0l 49,bas been examined on 14 July 2015. It has been accepted by the board of the examiners. It has been rccognized as one of requirements for Undergraduate Degree in English Language Teaching Deparfinent at Tarbiyoh and Teacher Training Faculty, SyeWt Nurjati State Islamic Institute Cirebon. Date SipnafureSignature ,, The Head of English Language Teaching Departrnent talaBumela'M'Pd 6 Aururt ral! NIP. 19821231 20fi01 I 0l I The Secretary of English Language Teaching Department WakhidNashruddin. M.Pd lt-ts\e-iotl NIP. 19810308 201101 1 003 Examiner I 70 zoty Dr. Asep Kurniawan. M.Ag Jaly NrP. 19710801 200312 I 001 Examiner 2 Farouk Imam Arrasyid. M.Pd.I. M.Pd 4 Auaul+ rorr NrP. 19830420200901 I 009 Supervisor I Dr. Tedi Rohadi. M.Pd. SE. Diol. TEFL L Aururt eorr NrP. 19680309 200801 t 0t7 Supervisor 2 .?al, Nur Antoni. E.T. SS. M.Hum [ .(ugurt NrP. 19720717 200912 I 001 Acknowtedgqdly the Dean of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Faculty .19721220 199803 1 004 vii TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE ...................................................................................................................................... i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ........................................................................................ ii DEDICATION........................................................................................................................ iii APPROVAL ........................................................................................................................... iv RATIFICATION .................................................................................................................... v OFFICIAL NOTE.................................................................................................................. vii CURRICULUM VITAE........................................................................................................ viii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... x PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. xii TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................................ xviii LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... xix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Problem ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Identification of Problem .................................................................................................. 4 1.3 The Limitation of the Problem.......................................................................................... 5 1.4 The Research Formulation ................................................................................................ 5 1.5 The Question of the Research ........................................................................................... 5 1.6 The Aims of the Research ................................................................................................. 6 1.7 The Significance of the Research ..................................................................................... 6 1.8 Theoretical Review ........................................................................................................... 7 1.8.1 The Nature of Punctuation ........................................................................................ 7 1.8.2 Kinds and Rules of Punctuation ................................................................................ 7 1.8.3 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Elements .................................................................. 23 1.9 The Previous Study .......................................................................................................... 24 1.10 The Methodology of the Research ................................................................................. 26 1.10.1 The Objectives of the Research ................................................................................ 26 1.10.2 The Place and the Time of the Research .................................................................. 26 xiii 1.10.3 The Source and Type of Data ................................................................................... 27 1.10.4 Research Design ....................................................................................................... 28 1.10.5 The Instrumen of Research....................................................................................... 29 1.10.6 The Technique of Collecting Data ........................................................................... 30 1.10.7 The Technique of Data Analysis .............................................................................. 31 CHAPTER II THE STUDENTS’ ERROR IN THE USE OF PUNCTUATION 2.1 Findings ........................................................................................................................... 35 2.1.1 Capitalization ........................................................................................................... 35 2.1.2 Periods ...................................................................................................................... 42 2.1.3 Commas ................................................................................................................... 45 2.1.4 Semicolons ............................................................................................................... 54 2.1.5 Colons ....................................................................................................................... 55 2.1.6 Quotation Marks ....................................................................................................... 55 2.1.7 Parentheses ............................................................................................................... 56 2.1.8