UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 12-1-2020 Initial Measurements on the Effect of Stress on P- and S-wave Velocities in Olivine Taryn Traylor Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Geophysics and Seismology Commons Repository Citation Traylor, Taryn, "Initial Measurements on the Effect of Stress on P- and S-wave Velocities in Olivine" (2020). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 4088. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/4088 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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INITIAL MEASUREMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON P- AND S-WAVE VELOCITIES IN OLIVINE By Taryn Traylor Bachelor of Science – Geology Texas A&M University 2017 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science – Geoscience Department of Geoscience College of Sciences The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2020 Thesis Approval The Graduate College The University of Nevada, Las Vegas November 20, 2020 This thesis prepared by Taryn Traylor entitled Initial Measurements on the Effect of Stress on P- and S-Wave Velocities in Olivine is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science – Geoscience Department of Geoscience Pamela Burnley, Ph.D. Kathryn Hausbeck Korgan, Ph.D. Examination Committee Chair Graduate College Dean Michael Wells, Ph.D. Examination Committee Member Oliver Tschauner, Ph.D. Examination Committee Member Moses Karakouzian, Ph.D. Graduate College Faculty Representative ii Abstract It is well known that elasticity is a key physical property in the determination of the structure and composition of the Earth and provides critical information for the interpretation of seismic data. This study investigates the stress-induced variation in elastic wave velocities, known as the acoustoelastic effect, in San Carlos olivine. A recently developed experimental ultrasonic acoustic system, the Directly Integrated Acoustic System Combined with Pressure Experiments (DIASCoPE), was used with the D-DIA multi-anvil apparatus to transmit ultrasonic sound waves and collect the reflections. We use the DIASCoPE to obtain longitudinal (P) and shear (S) elastic wave velocities from the sample which we compare to our known stress state in the D-DIA derived from synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We use elastic-plastic self-consistent (EPSC) numerical modeling to forward model X-ray diffraction data collected in D-DIA experiments to obtain the macroscopic stress on our sample. We can observe the relationship between the relative elastic wave velocity change (ΔV/V) and macroscopic stress to determine the acoustoelastic constants, and interpret our observations using the linearized first order equation based on the model proposed by Hughes and Kelly (1953). This work supports the presence of the acoustoelastic effect in San Carlos olivine, which can be measured as a function of pressure and temperature. This study will aid in our understanding of the acoustoelastic effect and provide a new experimental technique to measure the stress state in elastically deformed geologic materials at high pressure conditions. iii Acknowledgements I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my advisor and mentor Dr. Pamela Burnley for providing the opportunity to pursue my passion for Geology and truly believing in me as a scientist. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Matthew Whitaker, for his collaboration in this research and instrumentation that made this project possible. I would like to thank my advisory committee Dr. Michael Wells, Dr. Oliver Tschauner, and Dr. Moses Karakouzian for their involvement and encouragement. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Haiyan Chen, Dr. Shirin Kaboli, Dawn Reynoso, and Jason Reek for their assistance in data collection. Special thanks must be given to my office mate and friend, Genevieve Kidman. You made me feel welcomed into the NeRD Lab group from day one, and our scientific discussions have greatly aided in my development as a scientist. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their continued support. I would especially like to thank my mom and Dalton McCaffrey for their endless motivation, love, and support. This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation under award NSF-EAR13613399, and by the National Nuclear Security Administration under the Stewardship Science Academic Alliances program through DOE Cooperative Agreement #DE- NA0001982. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Use of the 6-BM-B beamline was supported by COMPRES, the Consortium for Materials Properties Research in iv Earth Sciences, under NSF Cooperative Agreement No. EAR 16-61511 and by the Mineral Physics Institute, Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University. v Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ viii 1: Initial Measurements on the Effect of Stress on P- and S-wave Velocities in Olivine .............1 Appendix 1: Tables ......................................................................................................................38 Appendix 2: Figures ....................................................................................................................49 References ...................................................................................................................................63 Curriculum Vitae .........................................................................................................................67 vi List of Tables Table 1 Acoustoelastic constant values ...................................................................................... 38 Table S1 Unit cell parameters used in EPSC models ................................................................. 39 Table S2 Experimental conditions for each deformation sequence ............................................ 40 Table S3 Single crystal elastic constants (Cij) used in EPSC models ......................................... 41 Table S4 Slip Systems used in each EPSC model to fit the experimental diffraction data ........ 42 Table S5 Acoustoelastic Constants comparison table with literature ......................................... 43 Table S6 San Carlos Olivine velocity compilation of literature ................................................. 46 vii List of Figures Figure 1 Schematic diagram of ultrasonic wave propagation in an experimental set-up ........... 49 Figure 2 Schematic diagram illustrating how travel time measurements are determined ......... 50 Figure 3 Comparison of acoustoelastic slope at different pressure conditions ........................... 51 Figure 4 Comparison of acoustoelastic slope for differential ram advancement and retraction 52 Figure 5 Acoustoelastic constants as a function of pressure and temperature ............................ 53 Figure S1 Schematic cross-sectional view of the D-DIA apparatus ........................................... 54 Figure S2 Schematic of sample assembly for San_381and San_416 ......................................... 55 Figure S3 Thermocouple temperature vs. power calibration curve for San_381 ....................... 56 Figure S4 Schematic of the X-ray beam propagation during an experiment .............................. 57 Figure S5 Lattice strain vs. sample strain data for the 4 deformation sequences of San_381 .... 58 Figure S6 Lattice strain vs. sample strain data for the 3 deformation sequences of San_416 .... 59 Figure S7 Communication path for DIASCoPE ultrasonic interferometry measurements ........ 60 Figure S8 Comparison of acoustoelastic constants to Egle and Bray (1976) ............................. 61 Figure S9 Summary of San Carlos Olivine P- and S-wave velocity measurements .................. 62 viii Initial Measurements on the Effect of Stress on P- and S-wave Velocities in Olivine Background Introduction The measurement of mineral elastic properties through experimental studies is crucial for seismic data interpretation and can aid in our understanding of the deformation processes that shape our Earth.