World War I in support of Germany and Austria- Hungary he was deposed and succeeded by his uncle Hussein Kamil (brother of *Fuad I) who took the title A of sultan. Exiled to Switzerland, he died in Geneva. Abbas, Ferhat (1899–1985). Algerian politician. Aalto, (Hugo) Alvar (Henrick) (1898–1976). Trained as a pharmacist, he founded the Algerian Finnish architect and designer. He set up practice in Popular Union in 1938 and in 1943 sought political 1923 in central Finland, moving to Turku in 1927, concessions from the Allied authorities who rejected then to Helsinki in 1933, collaborating with his wife his moderate demands and jailed him. In 1956, in Aino Marsio (1894–1949). He gained a national Cairo, he became leader of the Front de Liberation reputation with the Viipuri Municipal Library (1930– Nationale (FLN) and was first president of the 35), destroyed in World War II, and an international provisional government of the Algerian Republic one with his Finnish pavilions at the World’s Fairs 1958–63 until displaced by his rival Ahmed *Ben at Paris (1937) and New York (1939–40). He made Bella and imprisoned 1963–64. imaginative use of wood with brickwork, glass, copper and cement and also developed functional Abbas, Mahmoud (also known as Abu Mazen). plywood furniture, mass-produced in his own (1935– ). Palestinian politician, born in Safan. factory. His range of commissions, including the Educated in Damascus, Cairo, and Moscow, he Maison Carré in Paris, Baker House in Cambridge, became active in the Fatah movement. Premier Mass., and the Finlandia Concert Hall, Helsinki, was 2003, he succeeded Yasser *Arafat as President of the extensive: factories, museums, churches, theatres, Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) 2004– and department stores, private houses and public housing. of the Palestine Authority 2005– . The last presidential He was professor of architecture at the Massachusetts election was held in January 2005. Institute of Technology 1945–49. Abbasids see Abbas Aaron (c.14th–13th centuries BCE). Hebrew High Priest. In the Bible story, with his brother *Moses, he Abbott, Tony (Anthony John) (1957– ). Australian led the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan (Palestine) Liberal politician, born in London. Son of expatriate and became their first high priest, but while Moses Australians who returned home in 1960, he was was receiving the Ten Commandments on Mount educated at Sydney University and won a Rhodes Sinai he made a golden calf for the people to worship Scholarship to Oxford in 1981, graduating MA in (Exodus xxiii). politics and philosophy. He was active in sport and boxing, returned to study for the priesthood (1984–87) Abbado, Claudio (1933–2014). Italian conductor, but turned to journalism instead. Deeply influenced born in Milan. He was principal conductor of at first by B. A. *Santamaria, he became active in the La Scala, Milan 1971–86, the London Symphony monarchist campaign to oppose Australia becoming Orchestra 1979–88, the Vienna State Opera a republic. Member of the House of Representatives 1986–91 and succeeded von *Karajan at the Berlin 1994–2019, he served in the *Howard Government Philharmonic Orchestra 1990–2002. He won many as Minister for Employment Services 1998–2001, awards for his recordings. for Employment and Workplace Relations 2001–03 and for Health and Ageing 2003–07. Leader of the Abbas (566–653). Arab merchant. Uncle of Opposition 2009–13, he was an unrelenting critic *Muhammad, and a Hashemite member of the of *Rudd and *Gillard, a climate-change sceptic but Quraysh clan in Mecca, he was ancestor of the sympathetic to Aborigines. In the September 2013 Abbasid dynasty which overthrew the *Umayyads election the Liberal-National Party Coalition won a and held the caliphate 750–1258 until destroyed commanding victory and he became Prime Minister by the Mongols. 2013–15. His pugilistic style, highly effective in opposition, proved counter-productive in government, Abbās I (the Great) (1571–1629). Shah of Persia and he was defeated by Malcolm *Turnbull in a party 1587–1629. Fifth ruler of the Safavid dynasty, son room ballot in September 2015. He campaigned of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda, he inherited passionately against recognition of same-sex marriage a weak and divided empire, but proved to be decisive, and against effective action to combat climate change effective and brutal. He established Esfahan as his and played a major role in forcing Turnbull from the capital, commissioned magnificent buildings, and prime ministership (August 2018). extended his rule into Mesopotamia, the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. Abboud, (El-Ferik) Ibrahim (1900–1983). Sudanese soldier and political leader. His military service Abbas II (Abbas Hilmi Pasha) (1874–1944). was mostly spent with the Sudan Defence Force, Ottoman khedive of Egypt 1892–1914. He serving with the Allies in World War II. He became supported the nationalist and Pan-Islamic cause and Commander-in-Chief of the army of independent clashed with the British de facto rulers *Cromer and Sudan in 1956 and in November 1958 led a coup d’état *Kitchener. When the Ottoman Empire entered 1 Dictionary of World Biography to end anarchy, becoming both President and Prime Red’ or ‘the Damned’ in Europe after the massacre of Minister 1958–64. However, internal divisions in 200,000 Armenians (1894–95) and went to war with Sudan between the Muslim north and the non-Muslim Greece (1896–97) over Cyprus. He used Germans south led to outbreaks of violence and Abboud was to train his army and encouraged the completion of forced from power and retreated to England. the Berlin to Baghdad railway. He encouraged Pan- Islamism as a counterbalance to Western influences Abd al-Raḥmān I (Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Mu’awiya ibn and became obsessed with the fear of assassination. Hishām ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan) (c.730–788) Deposed by the Young Turks, he was succeeded by Arab ruler in Spain (al-Andalus): Emir of Córdoba his brother *Mehmed V and held as a prisoner in 756–88. Born in Damascus, he was a member of Istanbul until his death. the *Umayyad dynasty which was overthrown and slaughtered by the Abbasids in 750. He escaped to Abdullah I (Abdullah bin al-Hussein) (1882–1951). Islamic Iberia, built up alliances, defeated Abbasid King of Jordan 1949–51, formerly Emir 1921–46 fiefdoms and established his rule as Emir of Córdoba and King 1946–49 of Transjordan. Born in Mecca, (756). There was religious tolerance for monotheistic son of *Hussein, later King of the Hejaz, with the rest religions and he built alliances against *Charlemagne, of his Hashemite family he actively supported Britain the Abbasids and the Berbers. In 785 he began the in World War I in bringing down the Ottoman great mosque (Mezquita) in Córdoba, extended by his Empire. Designated as king of the newly created Iraq son Hisham I, which became a World Heritage site in 1920, he declined the throne; it was taken up by in 1984. his brother *Faisal, who had been rejected in Syria. Abdullah took control of the Emirate of Transjordan Abd al-Raḥmān III (Abd al-Raḥmān ibn instead, working closely with the British in Palestine, Muḥammad ibn ’Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn and showing some willingness to co-operate with ’Abd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥakam al-Rabdī ibn Hishām Jewish settlement. The Hashemite Kingdom of ibn ’Abd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil) (c.891–961). Arab Transjordan became fully independent in 1946 and ruler in Spain (al-Andalus): first Caliph of Córdoba was renamed as Jordan in 1949. On the creation 929–61. Born in Córdoba, a seventh-generation of Israel (1948) and the partitioning of Palestine, descendent of *Abd al-Raḥmān I, he succeeded his Abdullah annexed the West Bank for Jordan and was grandfather as Emir of Cordoba 912–29. His mother assassinated by a Palestinian nationalist. His great- was a Christian Frankish slave. The greatest ruler of grandson Abdullah II (1962– ) succeeded *Hussein the *Umayyad dynasty, he fought against the Fatimid as king in 1999. (Muslim) dynasty and the Christian rulers of Leon and Navarre, capturing Seville (913) and Toledo (933). Abdul Rahman Putra, Tunku (1903–1990). He promoted toleration for Christians and Jews and Malayan prince (Tunku) and politician. Educated at his reign was the golden age of Andalusian civilisation Cambridge University, he was called to the bar, and in architecture, the arts, education and science. From joined the public prosecutor’s department of his state 936 he built the great palace Medinat al-Zahra, near of Kedah in 1949. In 1952 he was nominated to the Córdoba, a World Heritage site since 2018. federal executive and legislative councils, became Chief Minister (1955) and then first Prime Minister Abd el-Krim, Mohammed (1882–1963). Moroccan 1957–70 of the Malayan Federation (renamed nationalist leader. A Berber, he was a teacher, Malaysia in 1963). Signapore was pushed out of the editor and judge who organised the first liberation federation in 1964 and Sabah (British North Borneo) movement in North Africa against French and and Sarawak added. The UK awarded him a CH Spanish rule. He proclaimed the Republic of the Rif (1961) and Australia an AC (1987). in 1921 and was its president until 1926 when his forces were defeated by a large Franco-Spanish army Abe Shinzō (1954– ). Japanese politician, born in commanded by Marshal *Pétain. Exiled to the island Nagato. Member of a political dynasty and grandson of Reunion 1926–47, he went to Egypt to head the of *Kishi Nobusuku, he studied at Seikei University Maghrib Bureau and died in Cairo. He was a major and in California. He worked for the steel industry, influence not only on African nationalists but also on then as an organiser for the Liberal Democratic Party *Ho Chi Minh.