A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene © Marc L. Greenberg, 2006 University of Kansas A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene 2 Contents 1 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED ............................................................................................ 7 1.1 ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 SYMBOLS .................................................................................................................................................. 7 2 BASIC DATA ............................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 HISTORICAL SKETCH .................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 RELATION OF SLOVENE TO OTHER LANGUAGES .............................................................................................. 11 2.3 DIALECTS ................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.3.1 Map of Slovene dialects ............................................................................................................... 13 2.4 THE STANDARD LANGUAGE AND ITS RELATION TO SPOKEN LANGUAGE ............................................................... 14 3 PHONOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1 Alphabet, phonemes, allophony ................................................................................................... 16 3.1 .1.1 Vowel reduction .................................................................................................................................. 18 3.1 .1.2 Consonant inventory ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 .1.3 Vowel inventory .................................................................................................................................. 21 3.1 .1.4 Word prosody ...................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 .1.4.1 Phonological rules ....................................................................................................................... 24 4 MORPHOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................... 26 4.1.1 General remarks on Slovene morphology ................................................................................... 26 4.1 .1.1 Morphophonemic segmental alternations in inflection and derivation ................................................ 26 4.1 .1.2 Word-prosody patterns ........................................................................................................................ 28 4.1 .1.3 Nominal morphology .......................................................................................................................... 29 4.1 .1.3.1 Feminine paradigms .................................................................................................................... 31 4.1 .1.3.2 Masculine paradigms .................................................................................................................. 32 4.1 .1.3.3 Neuter paradigms ........................................................................................................................ 35 4.1 .1.4 Pronominal morphology ...................................................................................................................... 36 4.1 .1.4.1 Interrogative pronouns ................................................................................................................ 36 4.1 .1.4.1.1 Relative pronouns ............................................................................................................... 37 4.1 .1.4.2 Personal pronouns ....................................................................................................................... 38 4.1 .1.4.2.1 Reflexive ............................................................................................................................. 40 4.1 .1.4.2.2 Sandhi phenomena with pronouns ...................................................................................... 40 4.1 .1.5 Adjectival morphology ........................................................................................................................ 41 4.1 .1.5.1 Comparatives and superlatives .................................................................................................... 42 4.1 .1.5.2 Possessive adjectives ................................................................................................................... 44 4.1 .1.5.3 Interrogative and pronominal adjectives ..................................................................................... 45 4.1 .1.5.4 Demonstratives pronouns ............................................................................................................ 46 4.1 .1.5.5 Possessive pronouns .................................................................................................................... 50 4.1 .1.6 Adverbs ............................................................................................................................................... 52 4.1 .1.6.1 Interrogative adverbs ................................................................................................................... 53 4.1 .1.7 Numeral morphology .......................................................................................................................... 54 4.1 .1.7.1 Cardinals ..................................................................................................................................... 54 4.1 .1.7.2 Ordinals ...................................................................................................................................... 56 4.1 .1.8 Verbal morphology ............................................................................................................................. 57 4.1 .1.8.1 Present-tense ............................................................................................................................... 59 4.1 .1.8.2 Imperative/hortative .................................................................................................................... 60 4.1 .1.8.3 Infinitive and supine ................................................................................................................... 61 4.1 .1.8.4 L-participle ................................................................................................................................. 62 4.1 .1.8.5 Participles ................................................................................................................................... 63 4.1 .1.8.5.1 Present (active) adverb ........................................................................................................ 65 4.1 .1.8.5.2 Present (active) participle .................................................................................................... 65 4.1 .1.8.5.3 Past active ........................................................................................................................... 66 4.1 .1.8.5.4 Past passive ......................................................................................................................... 66 4.1 .1.8.5.5 Verbal noun ........................................................................................................................ 67 4.1 .1.8.5.6 Athematic stems .................................................................................................................. 68 4.1 .1.8.5.7 e-stem verbs ........................................................................................................................ 71 3 Marc L. Greenberg 4.1 .1.8.5.8 i-stem verbs (INF in –i - ti, - e - ti) ........................................................................................... 78 4.1 .1.8.5.9 a-stem verbs ........................................................................................................................ 79 4.1 .1.9 Negation .............................................................................................................................................. 79 4.1 .1.10 Conditionals ...................................................................................................................................... 80 4.1 .1.11 Aspect and aspectual derivation ........................................................................................................ 80 4.1 .1.12 Motion verbs ..................................................................................................................................... 83 5 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 85 5.1 .1.1 General remarks about derivational morphology ................................................................................. 85 5.1 .1.2 Nouns .................................................................................................................................................