Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. _____.r ___ ..,_ -------- . ; - ... THE APPLICATI0j} OF SYSTEMS Al."\J"ALYSIS TO A PROBLEM OF COUNTY AMALGA11IATI0H t THE PROPOSED AMALGLi.1},.TIOP. OF KAIRANGA, KIWITEAj M.Al'<JAVlATU, OROUA .AJI.TD POHANGINA CO UFTI:C3. A Thesis Proscntocl in Fci. rtial Fulf'ilri1cnt of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey Univ.:;i~;:;i ty By RICHARD BERNARD LoHERON Hassey Univorsity 1970 . PPiEFACE. ThroL:.ghout Nm, Zeal and Cou.nty Councils ar e endeav olll'ing t o fulfil va,1' i'.JUf: designated l'unctions \, ithout i ::rpos ing an incroasing r a te burde n on the ir rat0pe.yers . Rising cc,sts of' county opor::,tion have co nfront ed a n umbe r of cc.,unty c c,uncils wit:, r>:r ospects (' f rcJclLJ.ccd oxponditure on deve l opment , r ate c ount,:.r oper ,1t l.cns sc th2t availabl o :nonc,y gor.is further , The l ast a lte r ation h2.s cften t al,:8n tl:::e fc:::,1 cf 2.:1 ?/,12. l ga'Dat ion between c c, unties. In the :,Ianmn:.tu ,-T•J'..'. t:·,o c ountios of Ka iranga9 Kiwitoa1 Manawatu1 Oroua and Pohangins, LE1C::.or·c ::,olc an i nvontigatio n of the desirability of ar,1al ga111,~ J..,.n indepct:..:knt invostiga+.j_,, n was recor:i':'lended as a s 1.1i t 2.b l e thesi s t opic bJ Mr ::,G.R. S9.1rnd.ors of the Goocr:1phy D(Tt1:rt'.:'.lent, Massey Univers ity. Aft e r a ~r0lirnj_nar.y study c:f tbJ ccunty invostig,itir n i t was dec i ded to exe}nine i n dotail asp0cts that wou l d not be coverod by the c ounties. Only 3, f ew s·cucli c>s k:tvo so f~1 r been carried out on exampl es of c ounty Those wor·G c o:n;;:,ar c., tivo and doscriptivG studi es tha t f a iled to pr ovide factu.al evido:-,ce e ither fo1· or agains t a'Il a. l ga'.Ilation . It was 1 tho r e f cro, nGc assary to find 2 n approach thRt ~ould assist the c 0rnp il3ti on of analytical evidc-e nce about a.ny proposed 2u a l gar:1ation. Systems analysis ~es adopted as the broad probl em solving me t hod. 'I1h i s approach r oquires a. stor by step analysis of the c e ntra l problem, that of the desirability of coLmty arn a.J.ga!Ilation. Boc a~so of the absence of any s ysto:ns study of go·,r,J rnr:,ent oper2.tions in Nev1 Zoal and 9 i t was nec essar y t o outline i n detail the 1 systo:n ' befor e any attempt was made to solve the pr oblo!:!. Tho a 1, proach of systu ;.is analys i s c ould be appl ied t o any l e vel of gove rnment or t o 2.ny ot h6r govorm1ent proble'Yl, The associatert t echniques used in the thesi s arc s ome exa:npl os of analytic nl tochni q_ues tha t can be r eadily used with in a s yste!l1s fra..raewo r k , Attention is also f ocused on the r esults of seve r al controlled or si:nul at od aspects of a'llalga'.nations . 1rhese ar e treated. as system changes. Cha ngos in ric.: rfc.:rr:iancn ci.rc: 'IlOusur nd in t cr !lls of al t or a tions in efficiency and offcct:i.vencss of c ounty cpcr ati .~,ns, Tl,c a:.::tcmt cf the stud.y, particularly the simulation of am. :i.lga'.:latod c ounty opc.,r ;_d;j . n, ~vs boon lbitcd by the c\.110unt c, f infor11ati0n available . As the counties nr c preoccupi(;d 2t ;:irosont ,,i th auditing ,rnd f inanci::.l pro­ cedures th... :..•c h.,s b.Jon 1 i t tle r:'Jc0:rding of' infcr'lla.ticn about othe r aspects of thoir out p~t or 0Pr t . I n tl10 t l1:.'J is s~~cati ·ns hc..vc brcn 'Jade cf possiblo t 0pics 1:1or thy of furth,:;r r ct·cr>r ch end sor:10 0f the i nf0rr:1:1t i on r cqui:::-e11Ernts e... •vl proccdur os ncccs:::;o.ry b,::: fo:.:-:, .1orc d8tc.ilod s t udi es of c ount y amal 5a11aticn c an be undortakc.n. The author i s inrlebted tc r,:iany people f or assist~nce in the prE.:peretion of this thesi s . I n particular ho wi shes to acknowledge: Th0 County Clerks of the five counti cs 9 Messrs. A.Bragg (Pohangina connty) 9 the l ate I.Ir L. Clark (Orouc1.) 9 I.Lovell (Oroua) 9 D. Fl3Llry (Kiwitea), J . GrOiStS (K a ira.n[;a) and S. K.:nt (M annwc.tu) for oncou.ragci:ncnt, ':)ackground discussion and prevision of infor::iation. The County En6inccrs, luc :;srs. ,J. Goodbchere (Ki .. ,i t ea ccunty L A. Lyall (K1:!iranga), J. Richards (lila.nawatu) and A. True bridge ( Oroua end Poh,~,13ino.) for technical discu!'lsirns ::m a'.ll9lgan::1t i 0n and c ounty metal us:i.ge and t he c0rnpilation and provisi8n of inf0rrnati on. ·rhe Cour:ty CoLrncils of Kairanga, I(:iwitea~ Manawatu9 Oroua a nd Pohangina. Cot.:.ntics for p~r'.llfasi:rn t o .:;ttend meetic1gs 0f tho Combined Counti es Investig­ ~tin6 Cc~aittoe Qnd for access tc any avnil abl e i~.forjation, The fc: llo\,1 int.; staff '.IIO:nbcrs of tho G.:r 0raphy Dop::i.rtmcnt, Massey University , ~'.i:r E. G. Tho"Jas fer continued intor0st, sw_:.gcsti"ns , co'D'!lents, cri ticis•. .1 and sur8rvisic,n ef the thcsiss Prof~ssor K. ·:. Th')'.ilson for critically and helpfully assisting in thesis supcrvisi0n; and lllr B . G. R. Saunders who su{;sested the thesis topic and encouraged the rcs0arch. The following staff of the Mathematics Dcpart'llernt, Massey Univcr si ty. Miss :t:r. Gord::-.n for developing a.nd running the Spearman Ra nk Cc,rre lation Co­ efficient Prcgra:n and running the Popuhtion Potential- Mean- Medi211 Cor.tre Progr r.:.::i and Mr T. Weber for assi3tance and ins t!'uction in the running of the Tr anspcrtati0n Progra~. Throe gr aduate studcrnts, Mr f!, Buckman, Miss R. Hunt and hlr P. J c.ckson (Auckla nd University) for many comments and criticis~s of content and t echnique. Mrs K. Chapman for patiently a nd c nrcfully typi ng tho dr aft and final copy of the thesi s , CONTENTS. Pags. Preface. Ackno~l edgements. Contents. List of Tables. List of Ficur cs. Ch~pter 1 Introduction. Chapter 2 An Outline of Syste'.l'ls Analysis in Govornmont. 5 The Systems Appr0Pch t ~ the County Aill3lgamation Problem. 6 Some Studies of Govorn~ent Spatial Organisation. 11 Chapter 3 Definition and Structure of the County System. 17 The Systoffi Objective 17 System Parameter s . 18 System Attributes. 20 Syste~ Rel ationships. 20 System Perfor ma nc e . 28 Ot~er Sys tem Ch~ract oristics, 29 Syst0m Malfunctioning and Re sponse. 30 Chapter 4 Aspects of Amalgamation as County System Change . 35 Popul 2. tion Dis tribution AspGcts of Amalgamation. 36 The Efficienci of !.;.d:ninistrative Centre Locution. 38 The Five County Road Net·:wrk. 4 1 Simulated Change of County Me tal Allocation. 42 So~e Boundary Aspects of County Amnl gamation. 46 Chapter 5 Syste~ Feedback a nd Conclusion. 55 Conclusion. 60 Appendices . Bibliography. LIST OF TABLES. Page . Table I Popul at i on of the Five Counties . 18 II Pe rcontage County Co ntribution t c Tot ri.l Expenditure on Ro&ds 19 III Rank Order Corre l ation Coefficient s for Si xtythree North I s l a nd Co untios 9 1966. 25 IV Populaticn Effect cf Boundar y hdjust 'llent s Since 1965. 32 V Ind.ox of Efficiency Val uos for Ad'll i ni s trati ve Centr es. 40 VI Total Vert ex Connectivity State High,V&y Network Five County !U'oa.41 VII Tra nsportation Program Results for Me t al Alloc2tion 1968-69. 45 VIII Transportation Pr0grat;1 Result for Varied Production Cost in Nlotal Allocation 9 1968-69, 45 I X Standard Error of Prc1p orti0ns c:f Households in Counties Travelling to Specified Towns . 49 X Total Person Tr ips 9 Four Week Sampl e Perj_od Kairanga County. 50 XI Total Psrson Trips for Business 1 Four Weck Sa!nple Poriod. 51 XII Totccl Forson Trips f0r Entortair:c11er. t 9 Four Week Samp l o Poriod. 51 XIII Tot al Person Trips f.· r Shoppi ng, Four Week Sample Period. 51 XIV Analysis of Froquen.cy of Tot al Person Trips Por Househol d for Kair anga and Man.J.watu Counties. 52 XV Analysis of Froq_uency of Total Person Trips Per H.~ usehol d f or Kair anga and Manawatu Counties. 53 XVI Analysis of the Frequency of Total Person Trips per Household for Tow ns Feil d ing and Sanson9 and Palnors ton North and Sanson.