United States Department of Agriculture Conservation Forest Service Assessments for Five General Technical Report NC-260 Technical Guide Forest Bat Species in the 2006 Eastern United States Front Cover: Illustrations by Fiona Reid, Ontario, Canada ©. Species from top: Pipistrellus subflavus, Myotis leibii, Myotis austroriparius, Myotis septentrionalis, Nycticeius humeralis. United States Department of Agriculture Conservation Forest Service Assessments for Five General Technical Report NC-260 Technical Guide Forest Bat Species in the 2006 Eastern United States Edited by Frank R. Thompson, III Thompson, Frank R., III, ed. 2006. Conservation assessments for five forest bat species in the Eastern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-260. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 82 p. Assesses the status, distribution, conservation, and management considerations for five Regional Forester Sensitive Species of forest bats on national forests in the Eastern United States: eastern pipistrelle, evening bat, southeastern myotis, eastern small-footed myotis, and northern long-eared bat. Includes information on the taxonomy, description, life history, habitat distribution, status, and population biology of each species. KEY WORDS: conservation status, habitat use, life history, Myotis austroriparius (southeastern myotis), Myotis leibii (eastern small-footed myotis), Myotis septentrionalis (northern long-eared bat), Pipistrellus subflavus (eastern pipistrelle), Nycticeius humeralis (evening bat), Region 9, USDA Forest Service Disclaimer The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Contents Conservation Assessments for Five Forest Bat Species in the Conservation Assessment: Myotis austroriparius Eastern United States (Southeastern Myotis) in the Eastern United States Frank R. Thompson, III, Editor.....................................1 Sybill Amelon, Mark Yates, and Craig Pullins ...........43 Status and Conservation of Five Forest Bat Species in the Conservation Assessment: Myotis leibii (Eastern Small- Eastern United States: Issues and Concerns Footed Myotis) in the Eastern United States Sybill Amelon ...............................................................3 Sybill Amelon and Dirk Burhans ................................57 Conservation Assessment: Pipistrellus subflavus (Eastern Conservation Assessment: Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Pipistrelle) in the Eastern United States Long-Eared Bat) in the Eastern United States Sybill Amelon .............................................................11 Sybill Amelon and Dirk Burhans ................................69 Conservation Assessment: Nycticeius humeralis (Evening Bat) in the Eastern United States Sybill Amelon and Dirk Burhans ................................31 Conservation Assessments for Five Forest Bat Species in the Eastern United States i ii Conservation Assessments for Five Forest Bat Species in the Eastern United States Conservation Assessments for Five Forest Bat Species in the Eastern United States Frank R. Thompson, III, Editor1 information on other States within the range of each of the five species. Because of recent advances in technology and the increased focus on bat conservation, several new studies related Preface to the five focal species have been completed or are in progress. The assessment is organized into six chapters. The first The primary goals of this assessment are to consolidate and chapter provides some general background information synthesize existing information on the status, distribution, on forest bats and summarizes information needs for the conservation, and management considerations for five species conservation of the five species addressed in the assessment. of forest bats on national forests in Region 9: Pipistrellus Because of a lack of demographic information on any of these subflavus (eastern pipistrelle), Nycticeius humeralis (evening populations to assess viability, research needs and priorities bat), Myotis austroriparius (southeastern myotis), M. leibii are included in the background section from the perspective (eastern small-footed myotis), and M. septentrionalis (northern of theoretical constructs and approaches to obtaining the long-eared bat). These species are listed as Regional Forester additional information needed to assess conservation and Sensitive Species on one or more forests of the Eastern Region. management for these species. The five subsequent chapters The regional forester listing affords protection for a species on cover taxonomy, description, life history, habitat distribution, the national forests for which it is listed. The forest’s goal is to status, and population biology of each species. protect and improve the species’ habitat where management This assessment was prepared at the request of Region 9 practices warrant consideration of special habitat needs and to of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service. ensure that it does not become threatened or endangered. The assessment highlights information needs of national forests A review of the status, biology, and management but should also be of interest to anyone in bat conservation. of M. leibii was previously completed for the George Each chapter generally follows the format of other conservation Washington and Jefferson National Forests in Region 8 assessments for species in Region 9 of the USDA Forest (Erdle and Hobson 2001). A 1999 report produced by Bat Service. Manuscripts were prepared by the authors, submitted Conservation International (Bat Conservation International to the editor, and reviewed by individuals with bat biology and 1999) summarizes information about forest bats, provides an conservation expertise in a blind, peer-review process overseen overview of knowledge about relationships between forest by the editor. bats and forest management practices, identifies practices for This conservation assessment consolidates and synthesizes enhancing bat habitat, provides information on key limiting existing information for five species of forest bats. It does factors for Indiana bats (M. sodalis), presents information not represent a management decision by the USDA Forest on the North American Bat Conservation Plan, and includes Service. Although authors and reviewers used the best scientific excerpts from the land management plans of many national information available and consulted subject experts to prepare forests. In the current assessment, authors incorporated recent this document, it is expected that new information will arise. information from research activities that occurred in subsequent In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, years and summarized information on biology, natural history, readers who have information that may help conserve the and habitat necessary to address conservation issues for the subject taxon, are encouraged to contact the Eastern Region of five species. This assessment focuses on the national forests the USDA Forest Service Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive and States represented in the Eastern Region. It also includes Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53203. 1 Project leader, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, Columbia, MO. Conservation Assessments for Five Forest Bat Species in the Eastern United States Acknowledgments References I thank the authors for their contributions; Fiona Reid for Bat Conservation International. 1999. Bats in eastern illustrations of the species; Bat Conservation International woodlands. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture and Keith Geluso for distribution maps; Susan Loeb, Richard Forest Service; U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish Clawson, and Tommy Parker for their review of the assessment; & Wildlife Service; National Council for Air and Stream the North Central Research Station Communications Group for Improvement. 56 p. http://www.batcon.org. assistance with the production of the publication; and Region 9 and the Shawnee National Forest for their support of the Erdle, S.Y.; Hobson, C.S. 2001. Current status and conservation project. strategy for the eastern small-footed myotis (Myotis leibii). Tech. Rep. 00-19. Reston, VA: Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. 17 p. Conservation Assessments for Five Forest Bat Species in the Eastern United States Status and Conservation of Five Forest Bat Species in the Eastern United States: Issues and Concerns Sybill Amelon1 endangered (Myotis sodalis, M. grisescens, Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus, and C. t. ingens); at least another eight Bats