© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORC SALEHAPTER OR DISTRIBUTION 1 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Food NOTScience FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and theNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Natural Environment © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC IranaNOT Hawkins, FOR SALE OR CAGS, DISTRIBUTION MPH, RD NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEChapter OR DISTRIBUTIONObjectives NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION THE STUDENT WILL BE EMPOWERED TO: 7 Summarize the topics encompassed by the food science discipline. 7 Defineecosystem , nutrition ecology, and ecosystem services, and demonstrate how these terms relate to the© Jonesstudy of &food Bartlett science. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 7 Provide examplesNOT of anthropogenic FOR SALE effects OR DISTRIBUTION on the natural environment and food systems.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7 Discuss current challenges to sustainably feeding the world. 7 Discuss the potential impacts of climate change on food science and the potential role of dietary changes in mitigating climate change. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 7 NOTExplain FOR the SALEconcept ORof nutrition DISTRIBUTION transitions, and give examples of globalNOT and FOR national SALE OR DISTRIBUTION transitions currently underway. 7 Give specific examples of how the principles of nutrition ecology can be applied to reduce the human impact on the natural environment. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © mihaicalin/ShutterStock, Inc. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 03441_CH01_Printer.indd 3 29/12/12 12:51 PM 4 CHAPTER 1 FOOD SCIENCE AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Historical,NOT Cultural, FOR SALE and OR Ecological DISTRIBUTION Significance As one author noted, “… our relationship with food is the most intimate of all the connections we have with other beings, for we take it into our mouths and actually incorporate it into our cells.”1 Today, more than 311 million © Jones & Bartlettpeople Learning, live in the UnitedLLC States, and close to 7© billion Jones people & Bartlett inhabit Learning,our LLC planet.2 The world population is expected to increase to over 9 billion people NOT FOR SALEby OR2044. DISTRIBUTION3 Understanding the projected impact ofNOT this population growthFOR SALE OR onDISTRIBUTION the natural environment is paramount because human health is inextricably linked to the health of the natural environment.4 Sustaining human life requires an array of resources, the most important © Jones & Bartlett Learning,being LLC food and water. Although© the Jones simple &act Bartlett of eating andLearning, drinking directlyLLC connects us to the natural environment at a most basic level, a burgeoning NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONarray of scientific data suggestsNOT that rapidFOR changes SALE in OR food DISTRIBUTION production meth- ods, trade, and dietary choices are affecting the living systems of the natural environment at many different levels and in ways not previously experienced. In an era of heightened environmental concern, careful consideration must © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC be given to food-© Jones and beverage-related & Bartlett Learning, businesses andLLC to agricultural and lifestyle practices. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION This text exploresNOT FOR topics SALEon these OR connections DISTRIBUTION among food, human health, and the natural environment. This introductory chapter broadly examines the natural environment and its relationship to food science. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION How the Natural Environment Relates to Food Science food science Encompasses the Food science encompasses the investigation of better ways to select, preserve, investigation of better ways to select, process, package, and distribute food products. As a discipline, it studies the preserve, process, package, and composition of food ingredients and their manipulation during growing, distribute© Jonesfood products. & Bartlett Learning,production, LLC processing, and presentation© Jones to & the Bartlett consumer. Learning, Therefore, LLC a food nutritionNOT ecology FOR An SALE interdisciplinary OR DISTRIBUTION scientist must have extensive knowledgeNOT FOR on SALE the nature, OR DISTRIBUTIONcomposition, and science that encompasses all aspects of behavior of food, such as what happens to its flavor, color, or nutritional the food chain and the entire nutrition properties when cooked or placed in storage. system and their effects on health, the We consider food science within the context of the natural world we live natural environment, society, and the in today. Although many of the scientific principles remain the same as for © Jones economy.& Bartlett Learning, LLC traditional food© science, Jones many & Bartlett must be viewedLearning, through LLC a new lens. To take an NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION “ecological approach,”NOT FOR our study SALE of food OR science DISTRIBUTION must be linked to present-day concerns about food quality, composition, and availability. These factors are all strongly linked to environmental conditions. The term nutrition ecology was coined 25 years ago at the University of Giessen in Germany. Nutrition ecology is an interdisciplinary science © Jones & Bartlettthat encompasses Learning, allLLC aspects of the food chain© Jonesand the &entire Bartlett nutrition Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE system OR DISTRIBUTIONand their effects on health, the naturalNOT envir FORonment, SALE society, OR and DISTRIBUTION the economy.5 Today, nutrition ecology encompasses the production, har- vesting, preservation, storage, transport, processing, packaging, trade, dis- tribution, preparation, composition, and consumption of food as well as the disposal of waste materials.5 Food scientists now address nutrition © Jones & Bartlett Learning,ecology LLC and consider all links ©in theJones nutrition & Bartlett system, includingLearning, the LLCwhole- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONsomeness of foods, the sustainabilityNOT FOR of the SALE natural ORenvironment, DISTRIBUTION and food security.6 (Special Topic 1.1 examines food security issues in more detail.) Even today, food and nutrition professionals suggest avoiding reduction- ism in nutrition research and practice,7 instead encouraging a holistic approach that considers overall dietary patterns8 and the integrity of food © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC systems.9 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 03441_CH01_Printer.indd 4 29/12/12 12:51 PM HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE 5 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Special Topic 1.1 Food Insecurity in the United States Lauren Adler© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Modern food science canNOT tell usFOR extraordinary SALE things OR about DISTRIBUTION the composition of food and how it keeps us aliveNOT and FOR nourished, SALE but what OR DISTRIBUTION happens when people do not have enough food to achieve a healthy diet? Although it is a more serious issue in developing countries, 17.4 million U.S. households experienced food insecurity at some point in 2010.1 What© Jones Is Food &Insecurity? Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TheNOT U.S. DepartmentFOR SALE of Agriculture OR DISTRIBUTION (USDA) definesfood security as consistent, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION dependable access by all household members at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life.1 Food insecurity occurs when households have difficulty at food insecurity When households some point providing enough food for all their members due to lack of resources. have difficulty providing enough food for all their members due to lack of © Jones & BartlettFood insecure Learning, households fall LLC into two categories (see Figure ©A): Jones & Bartlett Learning,resources. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Low food security : Households with low food security are able to avoid major disruptions by reducing the kinds of food they eat. • Very low food security (formerly called food insecurity with hunger ): Households with very low food security have one or more members of the household reduce 5.4% © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the amount of food they eat; normal eating patterns are disrupted.1 9.1% NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION How Is Food Insecurity Measured? In the United States, food security status is measured using a survey called the Core Food Security Module.2 This module consists of 18 questions (10 for households without©