Notes Introduction 1. It was also striking that in the great fi nancial meltdown of 2008, when the Europeans nationalized parts of their banking systems, they also decided—corporatist style—to demand seats on the banks’ governing boards. In contrast, the United States, which does not have a long his- tory of corporatism, nationalized part of the banking system but did not concurrently require representation on the banks’ boards. 2. Carl Cohen, ed., Communism, Fascism, and Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations (New York: Random House, 1962). 3. See, for example, Leopoldo Zea, Positivism in Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1974). 4. Howard J. Wiarda, Corporatism and National Development in Latin America (Boulder: Westview, 1981); Wiarda, Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977); and Wiarda, Corporatism and Comparative Politics (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1997). 5. Irving Louis Horowitz, Three Worlds of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972). 6. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl Deutsch, “Social Mobilization and Political Development,” American Political Science Review 55 (September, 1961): 493−514; S. M. Lipset, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” American Political Science Review 53 (March, 1959): 69−105; C. E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization (New York: Harper and Row, 1968); and Gabriel A. Almond, ed., The Politics of Developing Areas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960). 7. A critique may be found in Howard J. Wiarda, The Democratic Revolution in Latin America (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1990). 8. Peter Berger and Samuel P. Huntington, eds., Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds., Culture Matters (New York: Basic, 2000); Ronald Inglehart, Culture Change in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990); and David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: Norton, 1998). 244 Notes 9. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968). 10. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1999). 11. Edward Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975). 12. American Political Science Association, “Perspective on Politics,” special issue on neurosciences and politics, P.S. 2 (December 2004): 647−906. 13. Howard J. Wiarda, Comparative Democracy and Democratization (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 2001); Wiarda, Non Western Theories of Development (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 1998); and Wiarda, Political Development in Emerging Nations (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson, 2004). Chapter 1 1. John Bagnell Bury, The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth (London: Macmillan, 1920); and Robert Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1980). 2. Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress, 4. 3. Howard Wiarda, Political Development in Emerging Nations: Is There Still a Third World? (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004), 29. 4. Roy Macridis, The Study of Comparative Government (New York: Random House, 1955). 5. Howard Wiarda, Introduction to Comparative Politics: Concepts and Processes, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2000). 6. Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non- Communist Manifesto (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1960). 7. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston, MA: Rinehart, 1944). 8. Everett Von Hagen, On the Theory of Social Change: How Economic Growth Begins (Homewood, IL: Dorsey, 1962). 9. Bruce Morris, Economic Growth and Development (New York, NY: Pitman, 1967), 10. 10. Talcott Parsons, The Social System (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1951). 11. S. M. Lipset was, by training, a political scientist, but also crossed over into sociology. 12. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (New York, NY: Doubleday- Anchor, 1959). 13. Karl Deutsch, “Social Mobilization and Political Development,” American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493−514. 14. Gabriel Almond and James Coleman, eds., The Politics of Developing Areas (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960). Notes 245 15. David Easton, “An Approach to the Study of Political Systems,” World Politics 9 (April 1957): 383−400. 16. “USAID History,” US Agency for International Development, available at <http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidhist.html>. 17. “Mission,” Peace Corps, available at http://www.peacecorps.gov/ index.cfm?shell=Learn.whatispc.mission. 18. Robert Heilbroner, The Great Ascent (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1963). 19. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968). 20. For a comprehensive list of developmentalism’s critics, see Wiarda, Introduction to Comparative Politics, 56. 21. Sidney Verba, “Some Dilemmas in Comparative Research,” World Politics 20 (October 1967): 111−27; see Verba, “Some Dilemmas,” 112. 22. Moisés Naím, “Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion?” Foreign Policy 118 (2000): 86−103. 23. “Middle East Free Trade Area Initiative: Promoting Development and Economic Reform in the Middle East,” June 22, 2006, U.S. State Department, Bureau of Public Affairs, available at http:// www.state.gov/r/pa/scp/2006/68237. 24. Wiarda, Political Development in Emerging Nations, 132. 25. Ibid. 26. Katerina Dalacoura, “US Democracy Promotion in the Arab Middle East since 11 September 2001: A Critique,” International Affairs 81 (October 2005): 963−79. Chapter 2 1. Fernand Braudel fi rst introduced the concept of the longue duree in his sweeping historical accounts of prolonged socioeconomic change in works such as Capitalism and Material Life, 1400−1800 (New York: Harper and Row, 1973) and Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century (New York: Harper and Row, 1982−1984). 2. For analysis of mobility and equity in the global economy, see Mark J. Gasioworski, “The Structure of Third World Economic Interdependence,” International Organization, vol. 39, no. 2 (Spring 1985): 331−42. For discussions on state autonomy and leadership in development, see James C. W. Ahiakpor, “The Success and Failure of Dependency Theory: The Experience of Ghana,” International Organization, vol. 39, no. 3 (Summer 1985): 535−52; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); and Peter Swenson, “Labor and the Limits of the Welfare State: The Politics of Intraclass Confl icts and Cross- Class Alliances in Sweden and West Germany,” Comparative Politics, 246 Notes vol. 23, no. 4 (July 1991): 379−99. For research on the detri- mental effects of transnational nongovernmental economic institu- tions on development, see Peter B. Evans, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State and Local Capital in Brazil (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979); Theodore H. Moran, Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence: Copper in Chile (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); and Moran, Multinational Corporations: The Politics of Foreign Direct Investment (Lexington, MA: Lexington, 1985). 3. Francis Fukuyama caused a great deal of controversy when he pre- dicted “the end of history,” following the collapse of the Soviet Union, presaged by a global movement toward democratic regimes and principles. See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992). 4. Shlomo Avineri, one of the foremost scholars on Marx and his writings, thoroughly details all of Marx’s treatises on non- Western civilization in Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization; His Dispatches and Other Writings on China, India, Mexico, the Middle East and North Africa (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968). 5. Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979). 6. Peter B. Evans, Dependent Development; Moran, Multinational Cor- porations and the Politics of Dependence; and Moran, Multinational Corporations: The Politics of Foreign Direct Investment. 7. Collier’s edited volume The New Authoritarianism in Latin America examines in great detail the many cases in Latin America that demon- strate how social, political, and economic disjunctions and hardships caused by transitions to capitalism resulted in authoritarian regimes. See David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980). 8. Cardoso and Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America. 9. Peter B. Evans, Dependent Development. 10. The volume edited by Evans, Rueschemeyer, and Skocpol is dedicated strictly to examining the autonomy of the state as a signifi cant agent in social, political, and economic processes. See Evans, Rueschemeyer, and Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In. 11. Immanuel Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization (London: Verso, 1995); and Wallerstein, World- Systems Analysis: An Introduction (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004). 12. Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization; and Wallerstein, World- Systems Analysis: An Introduction. 13. Wallerstein, Historical