United States Department Northern Goshawk of Agriculture Forest Service Inventory and Monitoring Gen. Tech. Technical Guide Report WO-71 July 2006 Cascade Sierra Medicine Lake 16, 2012 on November West Coast archived 11-35659, Intermountain No. Great Basinv. Weldon, Mt. Shasta Council Ecosystems Native Colorado Plateau and SW Mtns United States Department of Agriculture Northern Goshawk Forest Service Inventory and Monitoring Gen. Tech. Report WO-71 Technical Guide July 2006 Brian Woodbridge and Christina D. Hargis 16, 2012 on November archived 11-35659, No. v. Weldon, Council Ecosystems Native Northern Goshawk Inventory and Monitoring Design Team Brian Woodbridge Christina D. Hargis Richard T. Reynolds James A. Baldwin Gregory D. Hayward Kimberly Titus Alan Franklin Sarah R. Dewey Christopher W. Schultz Alan L. Williamson Douglas A. Boyce, Jr. John J. Keane U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office Ecosystem Management Coordination Staff Watershed, Fish, Wildlife, Air, and Rare Plants Staff 16, 2012 on November archived 11-35659, Proper citation for this document is as follows: No. v. Weldon, Woodbridge, B.; Hargis, C.D. 2006.Council Northern goshawk inventory and monitoring technical guide. Gen. Ecosystems Tech. Rep. WO-71. NativeWashington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 80 p. Cover Photo: The concept of bioregional monitoring is conveyed through three photos superimposed on a digital elevation model of the Western United States, including portions of the Pacific Coast and Intermountain Great Basin bioregions. The overlaid images depict three levels of the bioregional monitoring design: a sample of contiguous PSUs in northern California (top), a PSU with call point transect lines (middle), and a northern goshawk nest (bottom). Photo credit: Brian Woodbridge. Composite image designed by Dave LaPlante. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the previous work of several individuals in the realm of goshawk monitoring; their ideas, field work, and publications are the basis of this technical guide. In particular, we acknowledge the contributions made by S.R. Dewey, S.M. Joy, J.J. Keane, P.L. Kennedy, V. Penteriani, R.T. Reynolds, and D.W. Stahlecker. The bioregional monitoring design presented in chapter 2 was created by the North- ern Goshawk Inventory and Monitoring Design Team, whose members are listed on the title page of this technical guide. We give special recognition to J.A. Baldwin for contributing substantial time toward developing the bioregional design and preparing all the statistical text in chapter 2. We are grateful to D. LaPlante and B. Allison for spatial analyses of primary sampling unit (PSU) size and for preparing figures and to J. Wilson and H. Wang for preparing the figure in Appendix C. We thank the follow- ing individuals who substantially improved the quality of this technical guide through their review of earlier versions: D.E. Andersen, P.H. Geissler, T.A. Max, A.R. Olson, 16, 2012 M.G. Raphael, L.F. Ruggiero, H.T. Schreuder, and J.R. Squires. on November archived 11-35659, No. v. Weldon, Authors Council Ecosystems Brian Woodbridge is supervisorNative of the Forest Resources Branch, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Yreka, CA. Christina D. Hargis (name changed to Christina D. Vojta) is a wildlife ecologist, Watershed, Fish, Wildlife, Air, and Rare Plants Staff, USDA Forest Service, Washington Office, Washington, DC. Northern Goshawk Inventory and Monitoring Technical Guide iii 16, 2012 on November archived 11-35659, No. v. Weldon, Council Ecosystems Native iv Northern Goshawk Inventory and Monitoring Technical Guide Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................iii Contents .........................................................................................................v Chapter 1. Overview .................................................................................1-1 1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Background and Business Needs ................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Key Concepts ............................................................................................... 1-3 1.4 Roles and Responsibilities ........................................................................... 1-5 1.4.1 National Responsibilities ..........................................................1-5 1.4.2 Regional Responsibilities ..........................................................1-5 1.4.3 Forest Responsibilities ..............................................................1-5 1.5 Relationships to Other Federal Inventory and Monitoring Programs ......... 1-6 1.5.1 Forest Service Programs ...........................................................1-6 1.5.2 Programs in Other Federal Agencies .........................................1-6 2012 1.6 Quality Control and Assurance .................................................................... 1-716, on November 1.7 Change Management ...................................................................................archived 1-7 11-35659, No. Chapter 2. Bioregional Monitoring Designv. Weldon, .........................................2-1 Council 2.1 Objective ......................................................................................................Ecosystems 2-1 Native 2.2 Planning and Design .................................................................................... 2-3 2.2.1 Goshawk Natural History Relevant to the Bioregional Sampling Design ................................................................................ 2-3 2.2.2 Description and Rationale for Monitoring Design ............................ 2-5 2.3 Data Collection .......................................................................................... 2-14 2.3.1 Data Collection Methods and Rationale .......................................... 2-14 2.3.2 Quality Control/Quality Assurance .................................................. 2-17 2.3.3 Data Entry Forms ............................................................................. 2-19 2.3.4 Survey Logistics ............................................................................... 2-19 2.4 Data Storage and Management .................................................................. 2-20 2.5 Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 2-21 2.5.1 Estimating the Bioregional Frequency of Occurrence of Goshawks .................................................................................... 2-21 2.5.2 Assessing Changes in Goshawk Frequency of Occurrence Over Time ........................................................................................ 2-22 2.5.3 Evaluating Change in Occupancy Rate in Relation to Change in Habitat or Other Environmental Variables ................................... 2-23 Northern Goshawk Inventory and Monitoring Technical Guide v 2.6 Reporting ................................................................................................... 2-24 2.6.1 Expected Reports ............................................................................. 2-24 2.6.2 Reporting Schedule .......................................................................... 2-24 Chapter 3. Goshawk Survey Techniques ............................................... 3-1 3.1 Objectives .................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Planning and Design .................................................................................... 3-1 3.2.1 Aspects of Goshawk Natural History Related to Survey Methodology ..........................................................................................3-1 3.2.2 Sampling Designs .............................................................................. 3-5 3.3 Data Collection ............................................................................................ 3-6 3.3.1 Survey Methods ................................................................................. 3-6 3.3.2 Quality Control/Quality Assurance .................................................. 3-18 3.4. Data Storage ............................................................................................. 3-19 3.5. Data Analysis and Interpretation of Survey Results ................................. 3-19 3.5.1 Presence .........................................................................................