From Mind Matters by Robert G. Jerus EIQ: Understanding Emotional Intelligence There are two kinds of intelligence. Rational, logical thought is specific, objective, concrete and factual. It emphasizes academic information and traditional learning. Emotional intelligence focuses on soft skills. It deals with intrapersonal and interpersonal skills. Traditionally, education, experience and intellectual ability have been considered the cornerstones of personal and professional success. Oddly, when asked about success, most people refer to feelings and emotions rather than credentials and achievements. Innately, there is the expectation that happiness, self-esteem and positive feelings will coincidentally come through wealth, possessions and various accolades. Education and training implicitly communicate that social skills, relational abilities, esteem, positive psychology and happiness will be developed as byproducts of academic achievement and natural talent. From a practical point of view, success is far more associated with social, relational and emotional management than IQ or academic degrees. From Mind Matters by Robert G. Jerus Individuals who have lackluster academic careers are frequently deemed ‘overachievers’ when they display high levels of success. Conversely, ‘underachievers’ seem to have the ‘right’ qualifications but never realize their ‘true’ potential. While this seems to offer a valid explanation, it just doesn’t feel right. Motivation, team play, optimism, drive, initiative and energy are far more associated with long-term, sustainable success. Increasingly, organizations, teams and individuals are choosing to re-focus on soft skills. IQ, talent and education play their role but need to be integrated with personal and interpersonal abilities. The ability to express and control our own emotions is important, but so is our ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others. Emotional Intelligence is absolutely essential in the formation, development, maintenance, and enhancement of close personal relationships. 90% of high performers possess high emotional intelligence. There are two critical factors regarding emotional People typically attribute the intelligence: lion's share of their success personally and professionally 1. Emotional, social and relational intelligence can and usually do matter more than overall to their mental intelligence or intelligence quotient in both achievement and IQ. Research in psychology and overall success. human performance over the last twenty years indicates the 2. Unlike IQ, which does not change significantly mental intelligence does over a lifetime, our EQ can evolve and increase with our desire to learn and grow. Emotional contribute to success BUT the intelligence can and should be taught. Training far more significant intelligence and coaching have high positive impact. that accounts for personal and professional success is emotional intelligence! ~Michael Rock~ From Mind Matters by Robert G. Jerus Emotional intelligence is an interdisciplinary field that brings together psychology, sociology, communication, management and self-development. It considers the essentials of individual performance, group dynamics and organizational development. From ancient Greece, Plato said “all learning has an emotional base.” Aristotle added “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” There has been a continuing quest to understand emotions and their interplay with leadership, stress, group dynamics, motivation and success. The importance of emotional/social intelligence in conjunction with personality and performance have been viewed as vital to achievement. In the Twentieth century, the mind and its relationship to success received renewed interest in social and organizational psychology. Groups and individuals have sought to develop higher levels of effectiveness through focus and harnessing the power of the mind. From Mind Matters by Robert G. Jerus A brief history of modern psychology, intelligence measurement and performance engineering serves as a foundation for understanding excellence in emotional intelligence: • 1890 James McKeen Cattell publishes Mental Tests and Measurements, marking the beginning of the practice of psychological assessment. William James states “The greatest weapon against stress is our ability to choose one thought over another;” “Man can alter his life by altering his thinking;” and “Pessimism leads to weakness, optimism to power.” • 1904 Charles Spearman publishes General Intelligence and introduces the g factor postulating the basis for an intelligence quotient defining cognitive intelligence. • 1905 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon create the Binet-Simon scale to identify students needing extra help, marking the beginning of standardized psychological testing. • 1917 Robert Yerkes writes the Alpha and Beta Tests for the Army to test intelligence. Emotional and social • 1930 Edward Thorndike describes the concept of intelligence is the ability to “social intelligence” as the ability to get along with accurately assess, interpret, other people. manage, and express • 1939 David Wechsler developed the Wechsler- Bellevue Intelligence Scale. He suggests that emotions and solve affective components of intelligence may also be problems of a personal and essential to success in life. interpersonal nature toward • 1947 Kurt Lewin coins the term "group dynamics." realizing the pursuit of • 1954 Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and realistic and meaningful Personality, describing his objectives. theory of a hierarchy of needs. He also helps found humanistic psychology. He ~Derick Mann and discusses the concept of emotional strength and Peter Papagogiannis~ how people can build it. • 1962 Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer propose the two-factor theory of emotion, which considers emotion to be a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal; "People search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal." • 1975 Richard Bandler and John Grinder develop Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP). • 1978 Paul Ekman publishes the Facial Action Coding System linking facial expression to emotional display. From Mind Matters by Robert G. Jerus • 1983 Howard Gardner publishes Frames of Mind, introducing his theory of multiple intelligences. • 1985 Robert Sternberg proposed his triarchic theory of intelligence Wayne Payne introduces the term emotional intelligence in his doctoral dissertation entitled "A study of emotion: developing emotional intelligence; self-integration; relating to fear, pain and desire (theory, structure of reality, problem-solving, contraction/expansion, tuning in/coming out/letting go)." • 1987 Ken Beasley publishes an article in Mensa Magazine, and uses the term "emotional quotient." It has been suggested that this is the first published use of the term, although Reuven Bar-On claims to have used the term in an unpublished version of his graduate thesis. • 1990 Peter Salovey and John Mayer publish "Emotional Intelligence," in the journal Imagination, Cognition, and Personality. It establishes an ability model of emotional intelligence with four branches: o Perceiving emotions: accurately understanding feelings; detecting and deciphering o Reasoning with emotions: using emotions to promote thinking and cognitive activity; using feelings to focus attention, create priorities, and manage responses o Understanding emotions: empathy; relating to cause and effect internally and with others o Managing emotions: dealing interpersonally with effective, appropriate handling of feelings • 1992 Joseph LeDoux summarizes his research on the brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning. • 1994 Antonio Damasio publishes Descartes’ Error, presenting the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) by which emotional processes can guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making. • 1995 Daniel Goleman popularizes emotional intelligence with his book Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Goleman’s model of emotional intelligence that features both inherent abilities and learned skills: o Self-awareness: the ability identify and define one's emotions, strengths, weaknesses, drives, values and goals and recognize their impact on others; self- confidence o Self-regulation/management: managing feelings in various and changing situations; being in command of internal states; self-control; trustworthiness; conscientiousness; adaptability; innovation o Motivation: guiding drives towards goals; achievement drive; commitment; initiative; optimism o Empathy: awareness of the needs, feelings and concerns of others; considering other people’s feelings; understanding others; developing others; service orientation; leveraging diversity; political awareness From Mind Matters by Robert G. Jerus o Social competence: managing relationships; interpersonal adeptness; influence; communication; conflict management; leadership; change catalyst; building bonds; collaboration and cooperation; team capabilities • 1997 Reuven Bar-On presents the EQ-i (emotional quotient inventory) model of emotional intelligence. Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi meet on a Hawaiian beach and begin mapping out a plan for launching positive psychology. • 2010 Success Dynamics launches EIQ-2 integrated, second stage emotional intelligence featuring learning systems in empathy; emotional intelligence; emotional leadership; emotional influence and persuasion;