PUBLISHER’S NOTE Critical Survey of World Mythology and Folklore: World matter of each essay includes reference information on Mythology, by Salem Press, covers traditional literature the author (when available), the country or culture of from a broad range of regions and cultures in the world. origin, the period in which the myth or tale originates, 7KLVYROXPHLVGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\FRQWHPSRUDU\SHUVSHF- and the genre. Following a standard format, critical es- tives on the cultural contexts from which mythology says provide a condensed version of the story, introduc- and folklore originate, as well as by a balance between ing principle characters and actions, developed from familiar and, for many readers, rarely read literature. In DXWKRULWDWLYHVRXUFHV7KHVHFRQGHQVHGP\WKVDQGWDOHV a period where cross-cultural understanding is particu- will prepare readers to go on to read the primary sources larly resonant, our aim is to provide students and their in their entirety. Following the overview is an in-depth teachers with an advanced analysis of stories that con- DQDO\VLVJURXQGHGLQWKHOHDGLQJVFKRODUVKLSLQWKH¿HOG tinue to hold rich cultural meaning for peoples around (DFK HVVD\ RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\ RQH WKRXVDQG WR ¿IWHHQ the world. hundred words, offers a bibliography of additional read- 7KLVYROXPHFRQWDLQVPDQ\NLQGVRIWH[WVWKDWUHSUH- ings for further research. sent myth, fairy tales, folklore, oral tales, and a hybrid of genres in traditional literature. Rather than simply SUPPLEMENTAL FEATURES categories of myth and folklore, this collection offers “Maps and Mythological Figures” presents twelve an in-depth exploration of the diversity of storytelling maps and charts detailing the cultural or geograph- that encompasses a broad realm of human experience, ic placement of many of the deities, authors, and cultural belief, and religion. Readers will note common tales in the volume. VXEMHFWV LQ WDOHV IURP ZLGHO\ GLYHUJHQW UHJLRQV LQ WKH ³0\WKRORJ\LQWKH&ODVVURRP´H[SODLQVPDMRUDS- world. Creation, love and loss, adventure and bravery, proaches to studying mythology and fairy tales. DQGFXOWXUDOKHURHVUHDGHUVZLOO¿QGDUHLPSRUWDQWPR- A sample lesson plan, on creation stories, accom- tifs in tales across cultures and periods. panies the essay on teaching mythology in the class- 7KHDLPRIWKLVFROOHFWLRQLVWRIXUWKHUWKHVWXG\RI URRP7KHDLPLVWRSURYLGHRQHPRGHOIRUFRPSDUD- traditional literature in cultural and literary analysis. De- tive analysis. signed for advanced high school and college students, $WLPHOLQHOLVWVPDMRUDXWKRUVSXEOLFDWLRQVDQG HVVD\VHPSKDVL]HWKHPDMRUDSSURDFKHVWRDQDO\]LQJP\- events related to mythology and traditional lit- thology and folklore, including such commonly studied erature. topics as gender, cross-cultural meaning, and religion, A chronological index of titles and a culture and among other areas of contemporary interest. New read- country index offer supplemental information on LQJVRIPDMRUDXWKRUVLQP\WKRORJ\DQGIRONORUHDUHUHS- the overall coverage of the volume. resented, from Homer and Ovid to the Brothers Grimm and Andrew Lang. In addition, tales from American In- CONTRIBUTORS dian, African, Oceanic, and East Asian traditions, among Salem Press would like to extend its appreciation to RWKHUZRUOGFXOWXUHVDUHLQFOXGHG7KHHGLWRUV¶JRDOZDV all involved in the development and production of this to provide an inclusive collection that would serve as an ZRUN 7KH HVVD\V DUH ZULWWHQ DQG VLJQHG E\ VFKRODUV authoritative introduction to traditional world literature. and writers in a variety of disciplines in the humanities. :LWKRXWWKHVHH[SHUWFRQWULEXWLRQVDSURMHFWRIWKLVQD- ESSAY AND VOLUME FORMAT ture would not be possible. A full list of contributor’s 7KHFROOHFWLRQLQFOXGHVHVVD\VFRYHULQJPRUHWKDQ QDPHVDQGDI¿OLDWLRQVDSSHDUVLQWKHIURQWPDWWHURIWKLV WHQ ZRUOG UHJLRQV DQG WZHQW\¿YH FXOWXUHV 7KH WRS volume. viii Myth_World.indb 8 11/21/2013 1:08:29 PM MAPS AND MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES Ancient Greece .............................................................................. xiv Greek Mythological Figures ........................................................ xv Mesopotamia ................................................................................. xvi Mesopotamian Mythological Figures ....................................... xvii Ancient India ............................................................................... xviii Hindu Mythological Figures ....................................................... xix Western Europe .............................................................................. xx 7KH*UHDW)RONORULVWVRI(XURSH ................................................. xxi Ancient Egypt ............................................................................... xxii Egyptian Mythological Figures ................................................ xxiii East Asia ....................................................................................... xxiv East Asian Mythological Figures .............................................. xxv Central and South America ....................................................... xxvi Central and South American Mythological Figures ............. xxvii Scandinavia ................................................................................ xxviii Norse Mythological Figures...................................................... xxix Africa ............................................................................................. xxx African Mythological Figures ................................................... xxxi American Indian Nations ....................................................xxxii American Indian Mythological Figures ................................ xxxiii 7KH&HOWLF:RUOG ....................................................................... xxxiv Celtic Mythological Figures..................................................... xxxv King Arthur's World ................................................................. xxxvi 7KH:RUOGRI.LQJ$UWKXUDQGWKH.QLJKWV RIWKH5RXQG7DEOH .......................................................xxxvii xiii Myth_World.indb 13 11/21/2013 1:08:29 PM xiv Ň Maps and Mythological Figures ANCIENT GREECE OLYMPUS PALLENE SITHONIA EPIRUS Peneius PINDUS HESTIAEOTIS AEGEAN SEA TRICCA THESSALY THESPROTIA MAGNESIA IOLCUS En ipeus PHERAE Acheron Acherusian Lake PHYLACE PHYTHIA EPHYRA MELITAEA TYMPHRESTUS PHTHIOTIS Sp erchius ACARNANIA TRACHIS DORIS LEUCAS AETOLIA LOCRIS helous PHOCIS DIRPHYS Ac Evenus AMPHISSA COPAS PLEURON PARNASSUS CHALCIS ITHACA BOEOTIA LOCRIS DELPHI HYRIA OECHALIA THEBES CALYDON AULIS OROPOS CORINTHIAN THESPIA MARATHON CEPHALONIA ACHAIA GULF ALCYON ISLANDS MEGARNIS SICYON ELEUSIS ERYMANTHUS ATHENS ELIS CYLLENE CORINTH Itymphalion HYMETTUS Peneius Lake CORINTHIA ATTICA STYMPHALUS NEMEA SARONIC GULF ELIS Ladon MYCENAE ARGOLIS ARCADIA ARGOS TIRYNS PISA EPIDAURUS OLYMPIA IONIAN SEA NAUPLION LYCOSURA TROZEN TEGEA PELOPONNESE MESSENE SPARTA MESSENIA PYLOS AMYCLAE LACONIA SEA of CRETE TROY ANCIENT GREECE ASIA MEDITERRANEAN MINOR SEA CRETE Myth_World.indb 14 11/21/2013 1:08:33 PM Maps and Mythological Figures Ň xv Greek Mythological Figures The Major Titans Cult of the Twelve Olympians Bestiary of Ancient Greece Koios (Coeus) Aphroditê (Aphrodite) Khimaira (Chimera) Northern cosmic pillar holding Goddess of beauty, love, procreation $¿UHEUHDWKLQJPRQVWHUVODLQE\ heaven and earth apart Bellerophon astride the winged horse Apollôn (Apollo) Pegasus Krios (Crius) God of prophecy and oracles, music, Southern cosmic pillar and healing Drakôn Kolkhikos (Colchian Dragon) Kronos (Cronus) Arês (Ares) Guard of the Golden Fleece; slain by God of time and the ages God of war, battle, and manly courage Jason Hyperion Artemis Kêtos Aithiopios (Ethiopian Cetus) Eastern cosmic pillar Goddess of hunting, wilderness, and A sea monster slain by Perseus animals Iapetos (Iapetus) *U\SHV *ULI¿QV Western cosmic pillar and titan Athênê (Athena) Lions with the head and wings of of mortal life Goddess of wise counsel, war, and eagles heroism Mnemosyne Harpyia (Harpies) Goddess of memory, words, Dêmêtêr (Demeter) Directed by Zeus to steal away people and language Goddess of agriculture, grain, and from earth bread Okeanos (Oceanus) Hydra Lernaia (Lernaea) A primeval deity of the earth- Dionysos (Dionysus) A nine-headed water serpent slain by encircling river God of wine, vegetation, and pleasure Hercules Phoibe (Phoebe) Hêphaistos (Hephaestus) Drakôn Ismenios (Ismenian Goddess of intellect *RGRI¿UHPHWDOZRUNLQJDQG Dragon) sculpture A giant serpent slain by Cadmus Rhea Goddess of female fertility Hêrê (Hera) Drakôn Ladôn (Ladon) Goddess of women and marriage A hundred-headed dragon slain by Tethys Heracles Mother of the rivers and springs Hermês (Hermes) God of animal husbandry, travel, Drakôn Pterôtoi (Winged Dragons) Theia language, and writing 7ZRZLQJHGVHUSHQWVXVHGE\0HGHD Mother of sun, moon, and dawn to escape Corinth Poseidôn (Poseidon) Themis *RGRIWKHVHDULYHUVÀRRGDQG Pythôn (Python) Goddess of natural order and divine drought A giant serpent slain by Apollo law Zeus Seirênes (Sirens) *RGRIVN\DQGZHDWKHUMXVWLFHDQG 7KUHHVHDQ\PSKVZKRVDQJWROXUH fate sailors to drown Myth_World.indb 15 11/21/2013 1:08:33 PM NORTH AMERICA CANADA PACIFIC UNITED STATES ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN Gulf MEXICO of Mexico CUBA Caribbean ALASKA Sea 7KHYLOODJHRQO\KDVRQHZDWHUVRXUFHDVSULQJFRQ The Fight with the Water taining fresh and clean water. One day, however, the Monster VSULQJFHDVHVWRÀRZVRDPDQIURPWKHYLOODJHWUDYHOV upstream to see what has happened. He comes across Author: Traditional Wabanaki a tribe of amphibious