THE EVOLUTION OF NGA 01.02.2011 Index Index ....................................................................................................................................................................I List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................... IV List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................. VIII Presentation of the study ....................................................................................................................................1 1. Background ................................................................................................................................................2 2. Demand .....................................................................................................................................................5 3. Access Network Technologies ................................................................................................................. 11 3.1 Wireless .......................................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 HFC Network ................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 xDSL Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.4 FTTH/B/P networks ......................................................................................................................... 20 3.4.1 Point-to-point .......................................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2 Point-multipoint architecture ................................................................................................... 23 3.4.2.1 Active Ethernet............................................................................................................... 24 3.4.2.2 PON Architecture ........................................................................................................... 25 3.4.2.2.1 TDM-PON .................................................................................................................. 25 3.4.2.2.2 WDM-PON ................................................................................................................. 31 3.5 Access to network elements ............................................................................................................ 34 3.5.1 Access to cable networks ....................................................................................................... 36 3.5.2 Access in architectures (FTTH) .............................................................................................. 37 3.5.2.1 Bitstream access ............................................................................................................ 37 3.5.2.2 Access to the sub-loop (optical) ......................................................................................... 40 3.5.2.3 WDM-PON Access ............................................................................................................. 41 4. International panorama ............................................................................................................................ 43 4.1 Germany.......................................................................................................................................... 48 4.2 Australia .......................................................................................................................................... 52 4.3 South Korea .................................................................................................................................... 59 4.4 U.S.A. .............................................................................................................................................. 68 4.5 Finland ............................................................................................................................................ 80 I 4.6 France ............................................................................................................................................. 83 4.7 Greece ............................................................................................................................................ 98 4.8 The Netherlands ............................................................................................................................ 100 4.9 Italy ................................................................................................................................................ 105 4.10 Japan ............................................................................................................................................ 111 4.11 New Zealand ................................................................................................................................. 115 4.12 United Kingdom ............................................................................................................................. 118 4.13 Singapore ...................................................................................................................................... 131 4.14 Sweden ......................................................................................................................................... 136 4.15 Summary of case studies .............................................................................................................. 144 5 The evolution of the European regulatory framework ............................................................................. 146 5.1 EC Recommendation on regulated access to NGA ....................................................................... 146 5.2 Community guidelines on state aid ................................................................................................ 150 5.3 The position of the ERG/ BEREC .................................................................................................. 152 6 The situation in Portugal ........................................................................................................................ 158 6.1 Government Initiatives ................................................................................................................... 158 6.1.1 Establishment of general objectives ..................................................................................... 158 6.1.2 Legislative Developments ..................................................................................................... 158 6.1.3 Protocols with operators ....................................................................................................... 161 6.1.4 High-speed networks in rural areas ...................................................................................... 162 6.2 The actions of ICP-ANACOM ........................................................................................................ 165 6.2.1 Definition of markets and public consultations ...................................................................... 166 6.2.2 Suitability of Legislation ........................................................................................................ 171 6.2.3 Reduction of horizontal barriers ............................................................................................ 171 6.2.4 Reduction of vertical barriers ................................................................................................ 172 6.3 Operators ...................................................................................................................................... 173 6.3.1 PTC ...................................................................................................................................... 175 6.3.2 Sonaecom ............................................................................................................................ 178 6.3.3 ZON ...................................................................................................................................... 180 6.3.4 CABOVISÃO ........................................................................................................................ 183 6.4 Community networks ..................................................................................................................... 184 II 6.4.1 "Terra Quente" Broadband of Trás-os-Montes ..................................................................... 188 6.4.2 District of Évora .................................................................................................................... 188 6.4.3 Vale do Minho ....................................................................................................................... 189 6.4.4 Valimar Net ........................................................................................................................... 190 6.5 Social impact of NGN .................................................................................................................... 191 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................