ELECTORAL AND PARTY ELECTORAL AND PARTY SYSTEM IN MONTENEGRO ELECTORAL AND PARTY IN MONTENEGRO SYSTEM A PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNAL PARTY DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT ELECTORAL AND PARTY SYSTEM IN MONTENEGRO A PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNAL PARTY DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT ELECTORAL AND PARTY SYSTEM IN MONTENEGRO – A PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNAL PARTY DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT Publisher: Centar za monitoring i istraživanje CeMI UTICAJ PERSONALNOG GLASANJA NABul. UNUTARPARTIJSKU Josipa Broza 23A DEMOKRATIJU – SLUČAJ CRNA 81 000GORA Podgorica e-mail: [email protected] www.cemi.org.me Izdavač: For Publisher: Zlatko Vujović Editors: Srđan Darmanović Vladimir Goati Centar za monitoring i istraživanja CeMI Bul. Josipa Broza 23A Reviewer: 81 000 Podgorica Zoran Stoiljković e‐mail: cemi@t‐com.me www.cemi.org.meZa izdavača: Authors: Vladimir Goati mr Zlatko Vujović SrđanAutori: Darmanović Boris Vukićević Zlatko Vujović Prof. dr Vladimir Goati Nikoleta Tomović Prof. dr Srđan Darmanović Vlado Dedović Doc. dr Boris Vukićević mr Zlatko Vujović Design: Studiomr Nikoleta Tomović Mouse - Podgorica mr Vlado Dedović Dizajn: Layout and printing: Studio Mouse - Podgorica Studio Mouse ‐ Podgorica Pripema i štampa: Circulation: 300 Studio Mouse ‐ Podgorica Tiraž: DISCLAIMER: The RRPP promotes social science research in the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and300 Serbia). Social science research aids in the understand- NAPOMENA:ing of the specific reform needs of countries in the region and in identifying the long-term implications of policy choices. Researchers receive support through research grants, methodological and thematic trainings as wellOva studija je izrađena u okviru Regionalnog programa za promoc as opportunities for regional and international networking and iju istraživanja na mentoring. The RRPP Zapadnom Balkanu (RRPP), kojim rukovodi Univerzitet u Friburgu, uz podršku Švajcarske agencije is coordinated and operated by the Interfaculty Institute for Central and Eastern Europe (IICEE) at the za razvoj i saradnju (SDC), Saveznog odjeljenja za spoljnu politiku. University of Fribourg (Switzerland). The programme is fully funded by the Swiss Agency for Development Mišljenja and Cooperation i stavovi (SDC), izraženi Federal u ovoj Department studiji predstavljaju of Foreign Affairs. stavove autora i ne odražavaju nužno The views expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent opinions of the zvanične stavove Švajcarske agencije za razvoj i saradnju i Univerziteta u Friburgu SDC and the University of Fribourg. Vladimir Goati Srđan Darmanović Zlatko Vujović Vlado Dedović Boris Vukićević Nikoleta Tomović ELECTORAL AND PARTY SYSTEM IN MONTENEGRO A PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNAL PARTY DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT BALKAN COMPARATIVE ELECTORAL STUDY: IMPACT OF PERSONAL VOTE ON INTERNAL PARTY DEMOCRACY A Perspective of Internal Party Democracy Development Contents PROLOGUE .......................................................................................................................... 7 1. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF MONTENEGRO .............................................................. 11 Srđan Darmanović 1.1. Post-communist transition ...............................................................................................13 1.1.1 The first transition- semi-authoritarian regime ...................................................13 1.1.2 Second transition-electoral democracy .................................................................18 1.2 Parliamentarian system .....................................................................................................25 1.2.1 Genesis – choice of institutions ..............................................................................25 1.2.2 Legislative branch of power – the Parliament .......................................................31 1.2.3 Executive branch of power – the Government .....................................................35 1.2.4 Head of the State – President ..................................................................................37 1.2.5 Judiciary .....................................................................................................................38 1.3. Party system ........................................................................................................................40 2. PARTY SYSTEM IN MONTENEGRO ....................................................................... 47 Vladimir Goati 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................47 2.2 Creation of the parties .......................................................................................................51 2.3 Domination of DPS 1990 - 1997 ......................................................................................56 2.3.1 Program differences between DPS and SPS ..........................................................60 2.3.2 From differences to the conflict ..............................................................................63 2.4 Rule of DPS in coalitional arrangement .........................................................................66 2.4.1 Relations of Montenegro and Serbia ......................................................................69 2.4.2 The problem of the FRY sustainability ..................................................................71 2.4.3 Republic elections 2002 ...........................................................................................75 2.4.4 From polarized to moderate multipartism ...........................................................82 2.5 Few general remarks ..........................................................................................................84 3. ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN MONTENEGRO ............................................................. 89 Vlado Dedović Zlatko Vujović 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................89 3.2 Typology of electoral systems...........................................................................................90 3.3 Electoral system in practice ..............................................................................................92 3.3.1 Electoral Formula .....................................................................................................94 3.3.1.1 Electoral Threshold .................................................................................... 95 3.3.1.2 Allocation of seats ..................................................................................... 98 3.3.2 District Magnitude .................................................................................................105 3.3.2.1 Electoral districts through electoral processes in the period 1990 – 2014 ....................................................................... 106 3.3.2.2 Special measures for improved representation of Albanian minority people 1998-2012 .................................................................................. 111 5 Electoral and Party System in Montenegro 3.3.3 Ballot Structure ......................................................................................................112 3.3.3.1 Institutional measures for improvement of representation of women .. 114 3.3.3.2 Block vote system experience .................................................................. 117 3.3.3.3 Shape, layout and preparation of ballot in Montenegro ........................ 118 3.4 Alignment of the electoral framework with international standards .......................121 3.4.1 Universal suffrage ...................................................................................................122 3.4.1.1 Right to vote and right to run for office .................................................. 122 3.4.2 Secrecy of the ballot ...............................................................................................124 3.4.3 Direct vote ...............................................................................................................127 3.4.4 Equal suffrage ..........................................................................................................127 3.4.4.1 Abuse of state resources during electoral process ................................... 128 3.4.4.2 Validation of electoral lists ...................................................................... 129 3.4.5 Freedom of choice / Free suffrage ........................................................................130 3.4.5.1. Media representation of participants to the electoral process ............... 132 3.4.5.2. Rules on electoral campaign financing .................................................. 132 4. ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN IN MONTENEGRO ..................................................... 137 Boris Vukićević 4.1 Why the analysis of electoral campaigns? ....................................................................137 4.2 General features of electoral campaigns in Montenegro – role of the leader, key topics, communication channels (media and social networks) ..........................138 4.3. Electoral campaign – legal framework ...........................................................................142 4.4. Financing of electoral campaign .....................................................................................144 4.5 Electoral campaign for the last parliamentary elections in 2012 ..............................148