Introduction to Introduction to Gas Turbine Theory Klaus Brun Rainer Kurz Gas Turbine TheoryGas Turbine Solar Turbines Short Style Guide Solar Turbines Short Style Guide SOLAR LOGO USAGE MINIMUM SIZE PRIMARY COLOR PALETTE SOLAR LOGO USAGE MINIMUM SIZE PRIMARY COLOR PALETTE Cat Yellow Cat yellow and Black are the standard company colors, to be Cat Yellow Cat yellow and Black are the standard company colors, to be CMYK Gloss: C:0 M:29 Y:100 K:0 used primarly to showcase the Solar brand. CMYK Gloss: C:0 M:29 Y:100 K:0 used primarly to showcase the Solar brand. CMYK Matte: C:0 M:23 Y:100 K:0 CMYK Matte: C:0 M:23 Y:100 K:0 The logo should not appear smaller RGB: 255, 205, 17 The logo should not appear smaller RGB: 255, 205, 17 than 3/8” height. Colors within the secondary color palette may be used along than 3/8” height. Colors within the secondary color palette may be used along COLOR with the primary brand colors as accents or complementsCOLOR to the with the primary brand colors as accents or complements to the Black brand. Black brand. C:0 M:0 Y:0 K:100 C:0 M:0 Y:0 K:100 PROPER ISOLATION HTML: #000000 PROPER ISOLATION HTML: #000000 SECONDARY COLOR PALETTE SECONDARY COLOR PALETTE BLACK & WHITE CustomerBLACK Services & WHITE Customer Services Blue Blue Rainer Kurz Klaus Brun Logo should be isolated from other Logo should be isolated from other elements by a distance equal to C:69 M:63 Y:62 K:58 C:60 M:51 Y:51 K:20 C:43M:35 Y:35 K:1 C:19 M:15 Y:16 K:0 C:100 M:72 Y:0 K:18 elements by a distance equal to C:69 M:63 Y:62 K:58 C:60 M:51 Y:51 K:20 C:43M:35 Y:35 K:1 C:19 M:15 Y:16 K:0 C:100 M:72 Y:0 K:18 the “S” in Solar. RGB:51, 51, 51 RGB:102, 102, 102 RGB:153, 153, 153 RGB:204, 204, 204 RGB:0, 73, 144 the “S” in Solar. RGB:51, 51, 51 RGB:102, 102, 102 RGB:153, 153, 153 RGB:204, 204, 204 RGB:0, 73, 144 HTML: #333333 HTML: #666666 HTML: #999999 HTML: #CCCCCC HTML: #003399 HTML: #333333 HTML: #666666 HTML: #999999 HTML: #CCCCCC HTML: #003399 REVERSE & WHITE REVERSE & WHITE TYPOGRAPHY TRADEMARK USAGE TYPOGRAPHY TRADEMARK USAGE The primary typeface for designed pieces is Univers. For digital communications, including websites andIn addition to the logo, there are Thetrademarks primary and/or typeface for designed pieces is Univers. For digital communications, including websites andIn addition to the logo, there are trademarks and/or email, Arial or Univers is acceptable. wordmarks used by the companyemail, to identify Arial itself or Universand is acceptable. wordmarks used by the company to identify itself and products . products . Aa Univers 67 Condensed Bold Registered Trademarks Aa Univers 67 Condensed Bold Registered Trademarks Solar® Solar® Aa Univers 67 is used for display type, headlines and for points of empasis. Aa Univers 67 is used for display type, headlines and for points of empasis. Saturn® Saturn® Centaur® Centaur® Aa Univers 47 Condensed Light Mars® Aa Univers 47 Condensed Light Mars® Aa Univers 47 is the primary typeface used for body copy and printed documents. Spartan® Aa Univers 47 is the primary typeface used for body copy and printed documents. Spartan® Taurus™ Taurus™ Aa Univers 57 Condensed SoLoNOx™ Aa Univers 57 Condensed SoLoNOx™ Aa Univers 57 is the secondary typeface used for body copy and printed documents. Can be used Titan™ Aa Univers 57 is the secondary typeface used for body copy and printed documents. Can be used Titan™ for better emphasis. Mercury™ for better emphasis. Mercury™ Turbotronic™ Turbotronic™ Aa Arial Narrow InSight System™ Aa Arial Narrow InSight System™ Aa Arial Narrow is the primary typeface used for body copy when Univers is unavailable InSight Connect™ Aa Arial Narrow is the primary typeface used for body copy when Univers is unavailable InSight Connect™ 7/2015 7/2015 Introduction to Gas Turbine Theory Klaus Brun Rainer Kurz Solar Turbines Short Style Guide SOLAR LOGO USAGE MINIMUM SIZE PRIMARY COLOR PALETTE Cat Yellow Cat yellow and Black are the standard company colors, to be CMYK Gloss: C:0 M:29 Y:100 K:0 used primarly to showcase the Solar brand. CMYK Matte: C:0 M:23 Y:100 K:0 The logo should not appear smaller RGB: 255, 205, 17 than 3/8” height. Colors within the secondary color palette may be used along COLOR with the primary brand colors as accents or complements to the Black brand. C:0 M:0 Y:0 K:100 PROPER ISOLATION HTML: #000000 SECONDARY COLOR PALETTE BLACK & WHITE Customer Services Blue Logo should be isolated from other elements by a distance equal to C:69 M:63 Y:62 K:58 C:60 M:51 Y:51 K:20 C:43M:35 Y:35 K:1 C:19 M:15 Y:16 K:0 C:100 M:72 Y:0 K:18 the “S” in Solar. RGB:51, 51, 51 RGB:102, 102, 102 RGB:153, 153, 153 RGB:204, 204, 204 RGB:0, 73, 144 HTML: #333333 HTML: #666666 HTML: #999999 HTML: #CCCCCC HTML: #003399 REVERSE & WHITE TYPOGRAPHY TRADEMARK USAGE The primary typeface for designed pieces is Univers. For digital communications, including websites andIn addition to the logo, there are trademarks and/or email, Arial or Univers is acceptable. wordmarks used by the company to identify itself and products . Aa Univers 67 Condensed Bold Registered Trademarks Solar® Aa Univers 67 is used for display type, headlines and for points of empasis. Saturn® Centaur® Aa Univers 47 Condensed Light Mars® Aa Univers 47 is the primary typeface used for body copy and printed documents. Spartan® Taurus™ Aa Univers 57 Condensed SoLoNOx™ Aa Univers 57 is the secondary typeface used for body copy and printed documents. Can be used Titan™ for better emphasis. Mercury™ Turbotronic™ Aa Arial Narrow InSight System™ Aa Arial Narrow is the primary typeface used for body copy when Univers is unavailable InSight Connect™ 7/2015 Introduction to Gas Turbine Theory is published by Solar Turbines Incorporated. Cat® and Caterpillar® are registered trademarks of Caterpillar Inc. Solar, Saturn, Centaur, Taurus, Mars and Titan are trademarks of Solar Turbines Incorporated. All contents of this publication are protected under U.S. and international copyright laws, and may not be reproduced without permission. Featured equipment may include options offered by Solar Turbines and/or modifications not offered by Solar Turbines for specialized customer applications. Because information and specifications are subject to change without notice, check with Solar Turbines Incorporated for the latest equipment information. Introduction to Gas Turbine Theory, 3rd Edition, 2019 © 2019 Solar Turbines Incorporated - All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN: 978-0-578-48386-3 CONTENTS Introduction 12 Chapter 1: Gas Turbine Thermodynamics 18 Thermodynamics 19 Chapter 2: Turbomachinery Component Basics 46 Compressor 47 Combustor 61 Turbine 71 Chapter 3: Modern Analysis Methods 82 Chapter 4: Rotordynamics & Vibrations 90 Chapter 5: Ancillary & Auxiliary Systems 106 Chapter 6: Gas Turbine Components 118 How Does a Gas Turbine Work? 119 Aerodynamics 119 Compressor 132 Turbine 136 Combustor 139 Cooling 144 Chapter 7: The Gas Turbine as a System 148 Component Interaction 149 Single Shaft 156 Two Shaft 158 Performance Characteristics 164 Appendix A: Gas Turbine Cycle Calculation 180 Chapter 8: Combustion & Emissions 184 Chapter 9: Fuel & Fuel Treatment 198 Chapter 10: Air Filtration & Air Inlet Systems 218 Chapter 11: Degradation In Gas Turbine Systems 226 Chapter 12: Advanced Cycles & Performance Augmentation 236 References 250 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Klaus Brun – Dr. Brun is the Director of the Machinery Program at Southwest Research Institute. His experience includes positions in engineering, project management, and management at Solar Turbines, General Electric, and Alstom. He holds seven patents, authored over 150 papers, and published two textbooks on gas turbines. Dr. Brun won an R&D 100 award in 2007 for his Semi-Active Valve invention and ASME Oil & Gas Committee Best Paper/Tutorial awards in 1998, 2000, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014. He was chosen to the “40 under 40” by the San Antonio Business Journal. He is the past chair of the ASME-IGTI Board of Directors and the past Chairman of the ASME Oil & Gas Applications Committee. He is also a member of the API 616 and 692 Task Forces, the Middle East and Far East Turbomachinery Symposiums, the Fan Conference Advisory Committee, and the Supercritical CO2 Conference Advisory Committee. Dr. Brun is the Executive Correspondent of Turbomachinery International Magazine and an Associate Editor of the ASME Journal of Gas Turbines for Power. Rainer Kurz – Dr. Kurz is Manager of Systems Analysis and Field Testing for Solar Turbines Incorporated in San Diego, California. His organization is responsible for predicting gas compressor and gas turbine performance, as well as conducting application studies and field performance tests on gas compressor and generator packages. Dr. Kurz attended the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Hamburg, Germany where he received the degree of a Dipl.-Ing. and, in 1991, the degree of a Dr.-Ing. He has authored over 100 publications in the field of turbomachinery and fluid dynamics, holds two patents, and was named an ASME Fellow in 2003. He is a member and former chair of the ASME Oil and Gas Applications Committee, a member of the Turbomachinery Symposium Advisory Committee, the Gas Machinery Conference Organizing Committee, the GMRC Project Supervisory Committee, and the SDSU Aerospace Engineering Advisory Committee.