COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES CENTER FOR FOOD SECURITY STUDIES CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY NEXUS: PRACTICES, ADOPTION STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES IN HIDHABU ABOTE WOREDA, OROMIA REGION, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA BY NAZRAWIT AYELE JUNE 2019 ADDIS ABABA i COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES CENTER FOR FOOD SECURITY STUDIES CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY NEXUS: PRACTICES, ADOPTION STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES IN HIDHABU ABOTE WOREDA, OROMIA REGION, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA BY NAZRAWIT AYELE THESIS ADVISER MESSAY MULUGETA (PHD) MSC THESIS SUBMITTED TO CENTER FOR FOOD SECURITY STUDIES, COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN FOOD SECURITY AND DEVELOPMENT JUNE 2019 ADDIS ABABA ii ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree of master in any other University and that all the sources and materials used for the thesis have been properly acknowledged. Declared By: Nazrawit Ayele Signature: ________________ Date: ____________________ Place: Addis Ababa University, College of Development Studies, Center for Food Security Studies This is to certify that the above declaration made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge as an advisor. Dr. Messay Mulugeta ____________________ __________________ (Advisor) Signature Date i ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Nazrawit Ayele Atlabachew entitled ‘Climate-Smart Agriculture and Food Security Nexus: Practices, Adoption Strategies and Technologies in Hidhabu Abote Woreda, Oromia Region, Central Ethiopia’ submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Food Security and Development complies with the regulations of Addis Ababa University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the examining committee: External Examiner: _____________________Signature __________ Date ______________ Internal Examiner: _____________________Signature ___________ Date ______________ Advisor: _____________________________Signature ___________ Date______________ Name of Chairman ___________________Signature ___________ Date______________ __________________________________________________________ Chairperson of the Center or Graduate Program Coordinator ii Acknowledgements My greatest expression of thanks goes to the Almighty GOD (JESUS) for giving me the strength and the energy throughout the research process and HIS continues blessings upon my life. Secondly, my appreciation and gratitude goes to my research advisor, Dr. Messay Mulugeta, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the end has made it possible for me to see the completion of my thesis. Other than his critical advisement, I am really grateful to Dr Messay for his brotherly and ever-welcoming approach throughout my study period. The moral and emotional support of Dr Messay is unforgettable forever. God bless you Sir with all your family!!. I am thankful to the Capacity Building for Scaling up of Evidence-based Best Practices in Agricultural Production in Ethiopia (CASCAPE) project for funding this research. I must in all sincerity express my deep gratitude to all experts in woreda-level sectors offices, especially Mr Ifa Demissie, for the time and information given to me. I wish to express my profound gratitude to my friends Meklit Yoseph, Abreham Solomon, Elias Tilahun, Mena Eyesus, Hiwet Hailu, Zeritu Negusa and Tibletse fitsum who in diverse ways helped and motivated me during the writing of this thesis. I am also indebted to my family Mr Ayele and Mrs Mintamer, Fiker Ayele, Shalom Ayele, Dagmawi Tesfaye, Zerubabel Ayele, Natnael Ayele for their prayers and enormous support during my fieldwork. My special and heartfelt gratitude goes to my brother, Mr. Natnael Ayele, for the spare time from his busy schedule to accompany me for the fieldwork. Nazrawit Ayele J UNE 2019 iii Table of contents Contents Page Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Table ............................................................................................................................ viii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... ix List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................x Abstract .................................................................................................................................... xi 1.CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................1 1.1.Background of the study ....................................................................................................1 2.Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................................3 3.Objectives of the study .............................................................................................................4 3.1.General objective ...............................................................................................................4 3.2.Specific objectives ............................................................................................................4 4.Research Questions ..................................................................................................................4 5.Scope and limitation .................................................................................................................5 6.Significance of the study ..........................................................................................................5 7.The research ethics ...................................................................................................................6 8.Organization of the study .........................................................................................................6 CHAPTER II: RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................7 2.1.Climate-smart agriculture (CSA): The concept ......................................................................7 2.2.Impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security ...................................................8 2.3.Climate-smart agriculture vs conventional agriculture: A comparative overview ................. 11 2.4.Actions and approaches to climate-smart agriculture .......................................................... 13 2.5.Practices, adoption strategies and technologies in CSA among smallholders ........................ 17 2.6.Climate change, CSA and food security nexus ..................................................................... 20 iv 2.7.Empirical studies on climate-smart agriculture in Ethiopia .................................................. 23 2.8.Conceptual framework ........................................................................................................ 26 CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND THE RESEARCH METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 28 3.1.Description of the Study Area .......................................................................................... 28 3.1.1.Location and size of Hidhabu Abote Woreda................................................................ 28 3.2.Demographic profile of H/Abote Woreda ............................................................................ 29 3.3 Agro-ecology and drainage .................................................................................................. 29 3.4.Climatic conditions ............................................................................................................. 31 3.5.Soil resources ...................................................................................................................... 32 3.6.Vegetation and wildlife resources ........................................................................................ 33 3.7.Agriculture and land use ...................................................................................................... 34 3.8.Research methods and design .............................................................................................. 35 3.8.1.Sampling technique and sample size determination ....................................................... 36 3.8.2.Tools and techniques of data ......................................................................................... 37 3.8.3.Techniques of data analysis ........................................................................................... 38 3.9.Validity and reliability of tools and techniques .................................................................... 47 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................... 48 4.1.Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of sample respondents .......................... 48 4.1.1.Demographic profile of the respondents ....................................................................... 48 4.2.Farmer’s perceptions towards climate change risks in H/Abote ..........................................