THE DAYAK AT THE CROSSROADS: TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND THE CHALLENGES OF CHANGE IN WEST BORNEO, INDONESIA By WILLY A. DAELI A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Willy A. Daeli To my family ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank God for providing me the strength to undertake this study. I would like to thank my family (Mom, Dad, Sara, and Devira) who never stopped supporting and praying for me while I was overseas. I also would like to thank CIFOR-USAID who funded this research and providing an opportunity for me to study in University of Florida where I can meet and learn from many amazing people in their respective fields. I sincerely thank my advisors and committee members: Dr. Martha Monroe who never tires of guiding and teaching me to do scientific research and writing, Dr. Alison Adams who always provide positive vibes and interesting theoretical perspectives, and Dr. Rachel Carmenta who from the beginning provided support and inputs that are very useful for the process of writing and my personal growth as a researcher. I would like to offer my sincere thanks to Dr. Steve Lawry, Dr. Yves Laumonier, Cynthia Maharani, Indahwati, and other CIFOR colleagues for input and sharing experience about the research sites. I am grateful to have a lab mates who always provide valuable comments and help me during my stay in the States. I am also grateful to have the Gators from Indonesia. Finally, I would like to thank all villagers from six Dayak communities in Kapuas Hulu, West Borneo, Indonesia, for the hospitality and willingness to help me during the data collection process. This thesis could not happen without the help from all of you. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ 4 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 10 Background: The Challenges of Change for Dayak Communities .................... 11 Introduction to the Following Chapters ............................................................. 12 2 WHEN POLICY AND CULTURE COLLIDE: THE BURN BAN AND TRADITIONAL FIRE MANAGEMENT IN DAYAK COMMUNITIES IN WEST BORNEO, INDONESIA ..................................................................................... 15 Fires in Indonesia, Burn Ban, and Swidden Communities ................................ 15 Mental Model Framework ................................................................................. 17 Methods ............................................................................................................ 19 3CM and Qualitative Interviews .................................................................. 19 Study Population and Sampling Framework............................................... 21 Results and Discussion..................................................................................... 22 3CM Analysis for Six Communities ............................................................ 22 3CM Analysis for Each Community Category ............................................. 22 The first cluster: the functions of fire .................................................... 23 The second cluster: traditional fire management ................................. 26 The third cluster: the impacts of burn ban ............................................ 30 Praxis-Kosmos and Causal Dynamics in Dayak’s Mental Models .............. 35 Summary .......................................................................................................... 38 3 STANDING ON THE VERGE OF CHANGE: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AGRICULTURAL DECISION IN DAYAK COMMUNITIES IN WEST BORNEO, INDONESIA ...................................................................................................... 46 The Complexities of Swiddeners’ Decision Making System .............................. 46 Changes in Swidden Agriculture ....................................................................... 47 Mental Model .................................................................................................... 49 Method .............................................................................................................. 51 Qualitative and 3CM Methods .................................................................... 51 Study Population and Sampling Framework............................................... 53 Results .............................................................................................................. 53 5 3CM Analysis for 6 Communities ............................................................... 53 Six Components in Mental Model Contribute to Agricultural Decision ........ 54 Cluster 1: agricultural ritual .................................................................. 54 Cluster 2: agricultural resources .......................................................... 55 Cluster 3: access to labor .................................................................... 56 Cluster 4: land tenure and rubber trees ............................................... 58 Cluster 5: alternative income................................................................ 59 Cluster 6: resources to practice permanent agriculture ........................ 60 The Possibilities of Changes in Agricultural Practices ................................ 62 Factors that support change to semi-permanent .................................. 62 Factors supporting a change to permanent.......................................... 63 Factors that motivate shifting every year ............................................. 64 Factors that support combined practices with 2 fields .......................... 65 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 66 Relationship between Components in Dayak’s Mental Model .................... 66 Three Type of Groups in Agricultural Changes .......................................... 69 Summary .......................................................................................................... 72 4 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 79 APPENDIX A IRB LETTER OF APPROVAL ........................................................................... 82 B INFORMED CONSENT .................................................................................... 83 C LIST OF 3CM CARDS ...................................................................................... 84 D INTERVIEW GUIDE.......................................................................................... 86 LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 88 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .................................................................................... 102 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Sampling framework ..................................................................................... 40 2-2 List of clusters and selected cards of six communities ................................. 41 2-3 List of cards and cluster numbers by type of community .............................. 42 3-1 Sampling framework ..................................................................................... 74 3-2 Cards in each cluster .................................................................................... 75 3-3 Type of field based on the cycle years ......................................................... 75 3-4 Motivating factors in agricultural decisions ................................................... 76 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Field sites ..................................................................................................... 43 2-2 Cluster analysis result for six communities ................................................... 43 2-3 Cluster analysis results for communities living close to national park ........... 44 2-4 Cluster analysis results for communities living close to oil palm plantation .. 44 2-5 Cluster analysis results for communities living in transitional area ............... 44 2-6 The stability and instability condition in the mental model of Dayak communities ................................................................................................. 45 3-1 Field locations ............................................................................................... 76 3-2 Cluster analysis result of six communities .................................................... 77 3-3 Rules of community mutual cooperation based on family members ............. 77 3-4 Eight types of decisions in agricultural practices .......................................... 77 3-5 Combinations of factors that shape eight different agricultural changes ....... 78 3-6 Interconnection of components in Dayak’s mental model ............................. 78 8 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University