Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Department of Architecture Public Spaces in Transition Under Socio-Political Changes in Cairo A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in Architectural Engineering (Urban Design) Submitted by Ahmed Sayed Abdel-Rasoul Ali Assistant lecturer, architectural department Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University Cairo, Egypt March 2018 Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Department of Architecture Public Spaces in Transition Under Socio-Political Changes in Cairo A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in Architectural Engineering (Urban Design) Submitted by Ahmed Sayed Abdel-Rasoul Ali Assistant lecturer, architectural department Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University Supervised by Prof. Sadek Ahmed Sadek Prof. M. Khairy Amin Professor of urban design, architectural dept. Emeritus Professor, architectural dept. Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University Ass. Prof. Eslam Nazmy Soliman Associate professor, Architectural dept. Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha Universityn Cairo, Egypt March 2018 Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Department of Architecture Public Spaces in Transition Under Socio-Political Changes in Cairo APPROVAL SHEET Examination Committee Prof. Dr. Shaban Taha Ibrahim (Internal examiner and rapporteur) Emeritus Professor, Department of Architecture, faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Banha University Prof. Dr. Hisham M. Aref (External examiner) Professor of Architecture, faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University Prof. Dr. Sadek Ahmed Sadek (Supervisor) Professor of Urban Design, faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Banha University Prof. Dr. M. Khairy Amin (Supervisor) Emeritus Professor, Department of Architecture, faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Banha University Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Department of Architecture DECLARATION I declare that this thesis entitled “Public Spaces in Transition Under Socio- Political Changes in Cairo” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. It is being submitted to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Banha University. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree Ahmed Sayed Abdel-Rasoul March 6, 2018 ACADEMIC EDUCATION 2011 M.Sc. in Architectural Design Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University 2005 B.Sc. in Architectural Design Studies Faculty of Engineering at Shubra, Benha University PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Jan. 2006 till now I Benha University Current Assistant Lecturer, Architectural Dept., Ahmed Abdel-Rasoul ACADEMICFaculty EDUCATION of Engineering at Shoubra 2011 M.Sc. Aug.in Architectural 2015-Nov. Design 2015 Studies, I Al-Marwan Aug. FacultyConsultant of Engineering, Bureau Cairo University 2015 [email protected] 2005 B.Sc. inManager Architectural of Cairo Design Branch Studies, Architectural Dept. [email protected] Faculty of Engineering at Shubra, Benha University Aug. 2006-Jan 2015 I Khebraat Aug. Integrated Consultation 002-01004661961 PROFESSIONAL2006 Project EXPERIE manager,NCE Architectural Dept. 67 St. No. 4, al-Mukattam, Cairo Jan.Aug. 2006 200 till5- Aug.now I2006 Benha I International University CurrentAug. Consultant Center of Engineering 2005 Assistant(I.C.C.E) Lecturer, Architectural Dept., ABOUTAhmed ME Abdel-Rasoul FacultyArchitect of Engineering, Architectural at Shoubra Dept. For almost seven years, I hold a position Aug. 2015-Nov. 2015 I Al-Marwan of assistant lecturer at the Department Aug. Consultant Bureau of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering at 2015ACADEMIC Manager PUBLICATION of Cairo Branch, Architectural [email protected] Before that, I was a teaching [email protected] for almost five years at the Dept. same institution. Abdel-Rasoul, Ahmed, and Eslam Nazmy. 2017. “Nodes- Aug. 2006-Jan 2015 I Khebraat Through my academic experience, Connectors Network of Public Spaces as a Aug. Integrated Consultation I have participated in teaching Manifestation of Power in Cairo’s Heterotopias.” undergraduate002-01004661961 courses such as Urban 2006International Project Journal manager, of Architectural Scientific Dept.& Engineering Design, Architectural Design, and Research 8 (4): 869–80. Working67 St. No. Designs 4, al- Courses.Mukattam, Cairo https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2017.04.005Aug. 2005-Aug. 2006 I International. I have also over 12 years of practical experience that support my Aug. Consultant Center of Engineering academic status to minimize the gap 2005 (I.C.C.E) Abdel-Rasoul, Ahmed, Eslam Nazmy, Sadek Saad, and ABOUTbetween ME the practice and academia. Architect, Architectural Dept. M. Amin Khairy. 2017. “Understanding Publicness For almost seven years, I hold a position Degree of Cairo’s Public Spaces.” International Journal ofCOMPUTER assistant lecturer SKILLS at the Department of Scientific & Engineering Research 8 (12): 1222–34. of Architecture,UCL Depthmap Faculty of EngineeringX at ACADEMIC PUBLICATION Shoubra.Tableau Before that, I was a teaching https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2018.12.00. assistantAutoCAD for almost (2d,five years 3d) at2016 the same institution. Abdel-Rasoul, Ahmed, and Eslam Nazmy. 2017. “Nodes- Rhino Through my academic experience, Connectors Network of Public Spaces as a 3Dmax &v-ray (rendering) I have participated in teaching Manifestation of Power in Cairo’s Heterotopias.” undergraduateWord, Excel,courses PowerPoint, such as Urban International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Outlook Design, Architectural Design, and Research 8 (4): 869–80. WorkingAdobe Designs Photoshop Courses. cs6 https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2017.04.005 . InDesignI have also over 12 years of practicalPrezi experience that support my academic status to minimize the gap between the practice and academia. Abdel-Rasoul, Ahmed, Eslam Nazmy, Sadek Saad, and M. Amin Khairy. 2017. “Understanding Publicness COMPUTER SKILLS Degree of Cairo’s Public Spaces.” International Journal UCL Depthmap X of Scientific & Engineering Research 8 (12): 1222–34. https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2018.12.00. AhmedTableau A.Rasol 1 AutoCAD (2d, 3d) 2016 Rhino 3Dmax &v-ray (rendering) Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook Adobe Photoshop cs6 InDesign Prezi Ahmed A.Rasol 1 Dedication To my pretty wife “Fatma”, my pretty daughters, and handsome son “Hana, Yassin, and Leen” Acknowledgment At this very beginning, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my principal supervisor Prof. Sadek Saad for his permanent support of my Ph.D. dissertation, his patience, and sharing his immense knowledge. I wouldn’t have a better supervisor who could meet me anytime and anywhere. Also, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis supervision’s committee: Prof. Khairy Amin for his priceless feedbacks and constant encouragement, and Ass. Prof. Eslam Nazmy for her following up, motivation, and supporting till the end. My sincere thanks also go to Prof. Shaban Taha for his valuable comments and Prof. Hisham Aref who provided me the opportunity to know him closer, along with their encouragement to follow up my future research. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my courageous wife “Fatma”, my parents, my kids “Hana, Yassin, and Leen”, my father-in-law, my mother-in-law, my brothers, and sisters for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life in general. I am also grateful to my other family members and friends who have supported me along the way. Thanks to you all for your encouragement! Abstract eterotopia is where every community lives, works, and socializes, Hwithin which a network of public spaces supports its sociopolitical life and connect it -the heterotopia- to other heterotopias within a metropolitan. Featuring distinct heterotopias, Cairo is a metropolitan representing the manifestation of power shaping their public spaces’ network. Since 1952, public spaces in Cairo have undergone material changes as a result of the mutation of power over public spaces articulation from the state to the elite class. Given that public spaces are supposed to grant five sociopolitical rights: accessibility right, social diversity right, safety & security right, sociability right, and freedom right, the research assumes that the public sector -state power- aims to fulfil people rights to accessibility, social diversity, and freedom while ignoring the sociability right and safety & security right. On the other hand, the private sector is concerned about providing the sociability right and safety & security right to public space while neglecting the other three rights. The research aims at developing a theoretical framework with measurable indicators (evaluation sheet) used for interpreting how different powers (independent variables) governing the five rights to public spaces (the dependent variables). This theoretical framework, in turn, could be used to test and validate the research hypotheses while understanding the significant transition witnessed in the sociopolitical rights to public spaces since July 23rd Revolution. It determines to what extent the mutant power -from ‘the state power/under Socialism Era’ to ‘the elite power/ under Neoliberalism Era’- could impact the five sociopolitical rights to public space. Among many heterotopias that could be observed in Metropolitan