Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Enhancing climate resilience of India’s coastal communities Feasibility Study February 2017 ENHANCING CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF INDIA’S COASTAL COMMUNITIES Table of contents Acronym and abbreviations list ................................................................................................................................ 1 Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 13 2. Climate risk profile of India ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Country background ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2. Incomes and poverty ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.3. Climate of India .................................................................................................................................... 16 2.4. Water resources, forests, agriculture and rural livelihoods ................................................................... 17 2.5. Ecosystem services ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.5.1. Mangroves ....................................................................................................................................... 18 2.5.2. Seagrass ......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.3. Coral reefs ....................................................................................................................................... 20 2.5.4. Salt marshes .................................................................................................................................... 21 2.5.5. Coastal dunes .................................................................................................................................. 22 2.6. Coastal development challenges ......................................................................................................... 22 2.6.1. Andhra Pradesh ............................................................................................................................... 23 2.6.2. Maharashtra..................................................................................................................................... 24 2.6.3. Odisha (Orissa) ................................................................................................................................ 25 2.7. Climate change in India: risks and impacts .......................................................................................... 26 2.7.1. India in the global context: predictions for Asia and South Asia ...................................................... 27 2.7.2. Climate change in India ................................................................................................................... 27 2.7.3. Climate hazards and extreme events .............................................................................................. 32 2.7.4. Climate change trends and risks in the coastal zone of India .......................................................... 34 2.7.5. Vulnerability and exposure to climate change in the coastal zone of India ...................................... 35 2.8. Climate change impacts in the coastal zone, with a focus on the three target states. ......................... 40 2.8.1. Climate change impacts on economic sectors and infrastructure .................................................... 40 2.8.2. Climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems ............................................................................. 43 2.8.3. Climate change impacts on people and livelihoods in the coastal zone of India .............................. 49 2.8.4. Climate change adaptation through ecosystem restoration ............................................................. 54 3. Policy, institutional and legislative frameworks ......................................................................................... 55 3.1. National development policies and strategies ...................................................................................... 55 3.1.1. National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development ............. 55 3.1.2. National Forest Policy ...................................................................................................................... 56 3.1.3. Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution .................................................................................... 56 3.1.4. National Wildlife Action Plan ............................................................................................................ 57 ENHANCING CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF INDIA’S COASTAL COMMUNITIES 3.1.5. National Water Policy ...................................................................................................................... 57 3.1.6. National Agricultural Policy .............................................................................................................. 57 3.1.7. Marine Fishing Policy ....................................................................................................................... 57 3.1.8. National Tourism Policy ................................................................................................................... 57 3.1.9. National Environment Policy ............................................................................................................ 58 3.1.10. National Action Plan on Climate Change .................................................................................... 58 3.1.11. India’s Nationally Determined Contribution.................................................................................. 59 3.2. State-level development policies and strategies .................................................................................. 61 3.2.1. Andhra Pradesh ............................................................................................................................... 61 3.2.2. Maharashtra..................................................................................................................................... 62 3.2.3. Odisha ............................................................................................................................................. 64 3.3. Institutional Frameworks ...................................................................................................................... 65 3.3.1. Institutions at national level .............................................................................................................. 65 3.3.2. Institutions at state level .................................................................................................................. 66 3.4. Regulatory frameworks ........................................................................................................................ 70 4. Past and ongoing efforts related to coastal development and resilience .................................................. 71 4.1 Initiatives with a focus on ecosystems and livelihoods ............................................................................. 71 4.1.1 An overview of past and on-going initiatives pertaining to conservation and restoration of coastal ecosystems .................................................................................................................................................... 71 4.1.2 An overview of past and ongoing initiatives aimed at improving rural livelihoods ............................ 79 4.2 Initiatives with a focus on climate change ................................................................................................. 89 4.2.1 National ........................................................................................................................................... 90 4.2.2 Andhra Pradesh ............................................................................................................................... 90 4.2.3 Maharashtra..................................................................................................................................... 92 4.2.4 Odisha ............................................................................................................................................. 97 4.1.1. Towards a new paradigm of coastal planning, management and governance .............................. 100 5. Current needs, gaps, barriers and constraints to ecosystem-based adaptation for coastal resilience ... 102 5.1. Gaps .................................................................................................................................................. 102 5.1.1. Gaps in the integration