Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2010 Revisionary systematics and evolutionary ecology of Neophylidorea (Diptera: Tipuloidea) Jessica Diane Petersen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Petersen, Jessica Diane, "Revisionary systematics and evolutionary ecology of Neophylidorea (Diptera: Tipuloidea)" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11360. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11360 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Revisionary systematics and evolutionary ecology of Neophylidorea (Diptera: Tipuloidea) by Jessica Diane Petersen A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Co-majors: Entomology; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program of Study Committee: Gregory W. Courtney, Major Professor Dean C. Adams Lyric C. Bartholomay Brent J. Danielson Matthew E. O‟Neal Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2010 Copyright © Jessica Diane Petersen, 2010. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my dear friend and colleague Dr. Ron VanNimwegen. 2 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... VII CHAPTER ONE: DISSERTATION OVERVIEW .................................................................................... 1 Crane Flies ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Dissertation Organization ....................................................................................................................... 5 References ............................................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER TWO: BOTTOM-UP SOLUTION TO THE CRANE FLY CONFUSION: DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS NEOPHYLIDOREA (DIPTERA: TIPULOIDEA) ......................................................... 12 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Classification of “Limnophilinae” ....................................................................................................... 13 Taxonomic History of Euphylidorea .................................................................................................. 15 Possible Solutions ............................................................................................................................. 16 Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Taxonomy ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 22 3 References ........................................................................................................................................... 24 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 27 Figures .................................................................................................................................................. 28 Tables ................................................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER THREE: INTEGRATING MORPHOLOGY, MOLECULAR AND ECOLOGICAL DATA TO DELIMIT SPECIES: SUPPORT FOR NEW COMBINATIONS OF NEOPHYLIDOREA (DIPTERA: TIPULOIDEA) ....................................................................................................................................... 34 iv Abstract… ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Keywords ............................................................................................................................................. 35 Introduction.. ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Materials and Methods… ...................................................................................................................... 38 Morphospecies Hypotheses .............................................................................................................. 38 Research Specimens ........................................................................................................................ 38 Morphological Methods ..................................................................................................................... 39 Geometric Morphometrics Methods .................................................................................................. 40 Molecular Sequencing ...................................................................................................................... 41 Molecular Delineation Methods ......................................................................................................... 43 Ecological Niche Modeling Methods ................................................................................................. 44 Results….. ............................................................................................................................................ 46 Morphological Results ....................................................................................................................... 46 Geometric Morphometrics Results.................................................................................................... 48 Molecular Sequence Results ............................................................................................................ 48 Ecological Niche Identity Results ...................................................................................................... 51 Discussion…. ........................................................................................................................................ 52 Morphology ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Geometric Morphometrics ................................................................................................................. 55 Molecular Sequences ....................................................................................................................... 56 4 Niche Differentiation .......................................................................................................................... 57 Indiscrete adusta – columbiana group .............................................................................................. 59 Implications for Crane Fly Systematics ............................................................................................. 59 Limitations ......................................................................................................................................... 60 Potential Mechanisms of Evolution ................................................................................................... 61 Conclusions… ....................................................................................................................................... 62 Funding…. ............................................................................................................................................ 62 v Acknowledgements… ........................................................................................................................... 62 References….. ...................................................................................................................................... 63 List of Figures….................................................................................................................................... 71 Figures…. ............................................................................................................................................. 73 Tables….. ............................................................................................................................................. 82 Appendix 1….. ...................................................................................................................................... 94 Appendix 2……..................................................................................................................................... 95 Appendix