The Tiger Compiler Project Edition January 22, 2016 Akim Demaille, Roland Levillain and Etienne Renault This document presents the EPITA version of the Tiger project. This revision, , was last updated January 22, 2016. Copyright c 2000-2009, 2011-2012 Akim Demaille. Copyright c 2005-2014 Roland Levillain. Copyright c 2014-2016 Akim Demaille, Etienne Renault. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover texts and with the no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License." i Table of Contents 1 Introduction ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.1 How to Read this Document ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.2 Why the Tiger Project::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.3 What the Tiger Project is not ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 1.4 History :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 1.4.1 Fair Criticism::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 1.4.2 Tiger 2002 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 1.4.3 Tiger 2003 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 1.4.4 Tiger 2004 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 1.4.5 Tiger 2005::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 1.4.6 Tiger 2006::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 1.4.7 Tiger 2005b ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 14 1.4.8 Tiger 2007::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 1.4.9 Tiger 2008::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 1.4.10 Leopard 2009 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17 1.4.11 Tiger 2010:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 1.4.12 Tiger 2011:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 1.4.13 Tiger 2012:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 1.4.14 Tiger 2013:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 1.4.15 Tiger 2014:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 1.4.16 Tiger 2015:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 1.4.17 Tiger 2016:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 1.4.18 Tiger 2017:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 1.4.19 Tiger 2018:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 2 Instructions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 2.1 Interactions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 2.2 Rules of the Game:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 2.3 Groups ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26 2.4 Coding Style ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 2.4.1 No Draft Allowed :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 2.4.2 Use of Foreign Features :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 2.4.3 File Conventions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 2.4.4 Name Conventions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 33 2.4.5 Use of C++ Features :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 35 2.4.6 Use of stl ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 39 2.4.7 Matters of Style ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 40 2.4.8 Documentation Style :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 2.5 Tests ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 2.5.1 Writing Tests :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 2.5.2 Generating the Test Driver :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 2.6 Submission ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 2.7 Evaluation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 2.7.1 Automated Evaluation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 2.7.2 During the Examination ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 48 2.7.3 Human Evaluation::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 48 2.7.4 Marks Computation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 ii The Tiger Compiler Project Assignment 3 Source Code:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 3.1 Given Code :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 3.2 Project Layout ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 3.2.1 The Top Level ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 3.2.2 The build-aux Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 3.2.3 The lib Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 3.2.4 The lib/misc Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 3.2.5 The src Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 55 3.2.6 The src/task Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 55 3.2.7 The src/parse Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 55 3.2.8 The src/ast Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 55 3.2.9 The src/bind Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 3.2.10 The src/escapes Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 3.2.11 The src/type Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 3.2.12 The src/object Directory:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 3.2.13 The src/overload Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 3.2.14 The src/astclone Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 3.2.15 The src/desugar Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 3.2.16 The src/inlining Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 3.2.17 The src/temp Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 3.2.18 The src/tree Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 59 3.2.19 The src/frame Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 59 3.2.20 The src/translate Directory :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 59 3.2.21 The src/canon Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 60 3.2.22 The src/assem Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 60 3.2.23 The src/target Directory:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 61 3.2.24 The src/target/mips Directory:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 62 3.2.25 The src/target/ia32 Directory:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 62 3.2.26 The src/target/arm Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 63 3.2.27 The src/liveness Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 3.2.28 The src/regalloc Directory ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 3.3 Given Test Cases ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 65 4 Compiler Stages ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 67 4.1 Stage Presentation:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 67 4.2 PTHL (TC-0), Naive Scanner and Parser ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 68 4.2.1 PTHL Goals::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 68 4.2.2 PTHL Samples :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 68 4.2.3 PTHL Code to Write :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 74 4.2.4 PTHL faq :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 75 4.2.5 PTHL Improvements :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 75 4.3 TC-1, Scanner and Parser :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 4.3.1 TC-1 Goals :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 4.3.2 TC-1 Samples ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 4.3.3 TC-1 Given Code:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 83 4.3.4 TC-1 Code to Write ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 83 4.3.5 TC-1 faq:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 4.3.6 TC-1 Improvements ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 85 4.4 TC-2, Building the Abstract Syntax Tree ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 85 4.4.1 TC-2 Goals :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 85 4.4.2 TC-2 Samples ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 4.4.2.1 TC-2 Pretty-Printing Samples::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 iii 4.4.2.2 TC-2 Chunks ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 89 4.4.2.3 TC-2 Error Recovery ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 4.4.3 TC-2 Given Code:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 91 4.4.4 TC-2 Code to Write ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 91 4.4.5 TC-2 faq:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 4.4.6 TC-2 Improvements ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 4.5 TC-3, Bindings ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 4.5.1 TC-3 Goals :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 96 4.5.2 TC-3 Samples ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 96 4.5.3 TC-3 Given Code::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 101 4.5.4 TC-3 Code to Write :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 101 4.5.5 TC-3 faq :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 102 4.5.6 TC-3 Improvements ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::