Amencan Journal of International Law January 1999 Vol. 93 No. 1 Published by The American Society of International Law wp UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM W^ 3|> SCHOOL OF LAW *|> | - RATED EXCELLENT FOR ITS TEACHING AND AWARDED TOP GRADE 5 FOR ITS RESEARCH- POSTGRADUATE LAW PROGRAMMES TAUGHT MASTER OF LAWS (LL.M.) ONE-YEAR PROGRAMME featuring over thirty options taught by seminar method and leading to the award of one of the following specialisations: LL.M. IN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW LL.M. IN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW LL.M. IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW LL.M. IN EUROPEAN LAW LL.M. IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW LL.M. IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND ARMED CONFLICT ***************************************************** RESEARCH PROGRAMMES offered under expert supervision and with excellent research facilities leading to: MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (M.PHIL.) DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PH.D.) ***************************************************** JOINT MASTER OF LAWS (LL.M.) ONE-YEAR PROGRAMME from Academic Year 1999-2000, the University of Nottingham School of Law intends to offer this Programme with: UNIVERSITY OF BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY OF NATAL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE UNIVERSITY OF MAASTRICHT ***************************************************** POSTGRADUATE LAW PROSPECTUS AVAILABLE NOW FROM: PROFESSOR DAVID J. HARRIS UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM SCHOOL OF LAW, UNIVERSITY PARK, NOTTINGHAM, NG7 2RD, UNITED KINGDOM. Telephone: + 44 (115) 9515 694 • Facsimile: + 44 (115) 9515 696 (PLEASE MARK ENVELOPE LLM OR RESEARCH AS APPROPRIATE) Electronic Mail Communications: [email protected] Visit Our Home Page At: HTTP://WWW.NOTT.AC.UK/ Applications To Be Received By 31 May 1999 The University of Nottingham is a research-led institution of international excellence which provides the highest quality learning environment figeneral.llmad.doc./ AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW VOL. 93 January 1999 NO. 1 CONTENTS PAGE Developments in International Criminal Law Foreword The Editors in Chief 1 The Rome Conference on an International Criminal Court: The Negotiating Process Philippe Kirsch and John T. Holmes 2 The United States and the International Criminal Court David J. Scheffer 12 The Rome Statute of die International Criminal Court Mahnoiish H. Arsanjani 22 Denning "Crimes against Humanity" at the Rome Conference Darryl Robinson 43 Progress and Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia SeanD. Murphy 57 Sexual Violence in Decisions and Indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals: Current Status Kelly D. Askin 97 Bypassing the Security Council: Ambiguous Authorizations to Use Force, Cease­ fires and the Iraqi Inspection Regime Jules Lobel and Michael Ratner 124 The 1998 United States and British bombing of Iraq to enforce the weapons inspections imposed by the gulf war cease-fire reveals major shortcomings in Security Council authorizations of the use of force by UN members. The problems include determining whether such authorization has been given, its scope and extent, and whether it has terminated. This article argues that explicit Council authorization is necessary for nondefensive uses of force, that its objec­ tives should be limited and clear, and that it should end with the establishment of a permanent cease-fire. Notes and Comments Legal Aspects of the Use of a Provisional Name for Macedonia in the United Nations System Igorjanev 155 Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law Sean D. Murphy 161 International Decisions Edited by Bernard D. Oxman 195 Prosecutor v. Akayesu Diane Marie Amann Judgment by International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda on charges of genocide and international crimes of sexual violence Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd. Laurence R. Heifer European Court of Justice decision regarding employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation A. Racke GmbH & Co. v. Hauptzollamt Mainz Juliane Kokott and Frank Hoffmeister European Court of Justice ruling on validity of EC regulation suspending trade concessions provided for in EC cooperation agreement with Yugoslavia Decision concerning the Maastricht Treaty Sten Harck and Henrik Palmer Olsen Danish Supreme Court judgment on constitutionality of ratification of Euro­ pean Union Treaty and right of Danish courts to review validity of EC measures Prince of Liechtenstein v. Federal Supreme Court Bardo Fassbender German Constitutional Court on jurisdiction to adjudicate claim of Prince of Liechtenstein to painting confiscated by Czechoslovakia at end of World War II Public Prosecutor v. Ashby Annalisa Ciampi Italian decision on jurisdiction under NATO Status of Forces Agreement to try U.S. military officers for deaths caused when aircraft severed ski lift cable Review of NAO Submission No. 9703 William J. Aceves U.S. National Administrative Office report under NAFTA Labor Cooperation Agreement on alleged labor violations at plant in Mexico Current Developments The EU-U.S. Compromise on the Helms-Burton and D'Amato Acts Stefaan Smis and Kim Van der Borght 227 The Fiftieth Session of the International Law Commission Robert Rosenstock 236 The Fifty-fourth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights Michael f. Dennis 246 Book Reviews and Notes Edited by Richard B. Bilder Ratner, Steven R., and Jason S. Abrams. Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Payam Akhavan) 253 Stein, Eric. Czecho/Slovakia: Ethnic Conflict, Constitutional Fissure, Negotiated Breakup (Vratislav Pechota) 256 Rubin, Alfred P. Ethics and Authority in International Law (Iain G. M. Scobbie) 259 Talmon, Stefan. Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile (Edward G. Lee) 261 Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley. FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (Charlotte Ku) , 263 von Mangoldt, Hans, and Volker Rittberger (eds.). The United Nations System and Its Predecessors. Volume 1: The United Nations System (Frederic L. Kirgis) 265 Knipping, Franz (ed.). The United Nations System and Its Predecessors. Volume 2: Predecessors of the United Nations (Frederic L. Kirgis) 265 Gillespie, Alexander. International Environmental Law, Policy, and Ethics (Edith Brown Weiss) 267 Ziegler, Andreas R. Trade and Environmental Law in the European Community (Juliane Kokott) 269 Geradin, Damien. Trade and the Environment: A Comparative Study of EC and US Law (Juliane Kokott) 269 Wu Chao. Pollution from the Carriage of Oil by Sea: Liability and Compensation (Erik Franckx) 272 Musgrave, Thomas D. Self-Determination and National Minorities (Hurst Hannum) 274 Bothe, Michael, Natalino Ronzitti, and Allan Rosas (eds). The OSCE in the Maintenance of Peace and Security: Conflict Prevention, Crisis Management, and Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (Erika B. Schlager) 276 Wilson, Richard A. (ed.). Human Rights, Culture and Context: Anthropological Perspectives (Karen Engle) 278 Ginsburgs, George. From Soviet to Russian International Law: Studies in Continuity and Change (Peter Krug) 281 Picone, Paolo (ed.). La Giurisprudenza italiana di diritto internazionalepubblico. Vol. II, Repertorio 1987-1997 (Tullio Scovazzi) 284 Collected Essays: African Yearbook of International Law. Annuaire Africain de droit international, 1997 (Vol. 5), 285; The British Year Book of International Law 1997, 286. Books Received 286 International Legal Materials. Contents, Vol. XXXVII, No. 6 (November 1998) 289 BOARD OF EDITORS Editors in Chief JONATHAN I. CHARNEY W. MICHAEL REISMAN Vanderbilt University School of Law Yale Law School GEORGE H. ALDRICH BENEDICT KINGSBURY The Hague, Netherlands New York University School of Law JOSE E. ALVAREZ FREDERIC L. KIRGIS University of Michigan Law School Washington and Lee University JUDITH HIPPLER BELLO School of Law Washington, D.C. HAROLD HONGJU KOH CHARLES N. BROWER Yale Law School Washington, D.C. MICHAEL J. MATHESON THOMAS BUERGENTHAL Washington, D.C. The George Washington University Law School BERNARD H. OXMAN DAVID D. CARON University of Miami School of Law University of California, Berkeley STEVEN R. RATNER School of Law University of Texas CHRISTINE M. CHINKIN School of Law London School of Economics ANNE-MARIE SLAUGHTER JOHN R. CROOK Harvard Law School Washington, D.C. PETER D. TROOBOFF LORI FISLER DAMROSCH Washington, D.C. Columbia University School of Law RUTH WEDGWOOD MICHAEL J. GLENNON Yale Law School University of California, Davis School of Law EDITH BROWN WEISS KEITH HIGHET Georgetown University Law Center Washington, D.C. BURNS H. WESTON JOHN H. JACKSON University of Iowa Georgetown University Law Center College of Law CHARLOTTE KU, ex officio Honorary Editors RICHARD B. BILDER STEFAN A. RIESENFELD University of Wisconsin Law School • University of California, Berkeley School of Law RICHARD A. FALK Princeton University SEYMOUR J. RUBIN Washington College of Law THOMAS M. FRANCK The American University New York University School of Law OSCAR SCHACHTER Louis HENKIN Columbia University School of Law Columbia University School of Law STEPHEN M. SCHWEBEL The Hague, Netherlands HAROLD K. JACOBSON LOUIS B. SOHN University of Michigan The George Washington University MONROE LEIGH Law School Washington, D.C. ERIC STEIN University of Michigan Law School ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD New York University School of Law DETLEV F. VAGTS Harvard Law School THEODOR MERON ROBERT VON MEHREN New York University School of Law New York, N.Y. COVEY T. OLIVER RICHARD YOUNG University of Pennsylvania Law School Van Hornesville, N.Y. Associate Editor ANNA ASCHER Editorial Assistant