ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 10, April 2013 Preliminary Studies on Properties of Shoe Polish Formulated From Wax Produced From Waste Water Sachets Ademiluyi F.Taiwo, Charles Ugbede Ameh Abstract: - a Preliminary study on conversion of Waste Shoe polish typically has a specific gravity of 0.8, is Water Sachets to Shoe Polish was investigated. Wastewater negligibly soluble in water, and is made of between 65 sachets were pyrolyzed at various temperatures to obtain wax. and 77% volatile substances usually naphtha. The high Quality polyethylene wax with good penetration degree was amount of volatile substances means that the shoe polish produced between 130˚C and 150˚C and used to produce the will dry out and harden after application, while retaining polish. Three different formulations of polishes were prepared from the waste polyethylene wax and the properties of the its shine [2]. In the manufacture of shoe polish, wax is three samples were compared with the two standard polishes reacted with resins which provide the thin film on the (Kiwi and Lude). The melting point, pour point (°C), density shoe after polish has been applied and shined. Volatile and viscosity of the polish formulated using 12% waste solvents are also used to give it a quick drying effect. polyethylene wax, compared favorably with standard Water acts as a solvent while different dyes can be used commercial polish. The conversion of the waste sachets to wax to give it the coloration [3]. Both natural and in formulating polish will not only be commercially viable but manufactured waxes are finding application in the will reduce environmental pollution. manufacture of polish. Natural waxes which have general importance in this field are paraffin and microcrystalline Keywords: Waste Water Sachets, Polyethylene Wax, Pyrolysis, Shoe Polish. waxes, waxes of vegetable oil origin such as carnauba and waxes of animal origin such as spermaceti [4] can I. INTRODUCTION also be used. The objective of this project is to convert All over big cities in Nigeria and even in the waste water sachets to useful product such as wax and use rural communities, it is a common sight that the wax to formulate solid Shoe Polish The properties of polyethylene films, shopping bags, plastics, water the shoe polish produced would also be studied and sachets littering and polluting the environment. The compared with standard commercial polishes. increase of plastic waste and its harm in Nigerian environment has attracted the concern of the political II. MATERIALS AND METHOD and technological circles. The waste polyethylene A Materials (often called pure water sachets ) is known to cause Batch reactor, temperature controller, waste low blockage of drainage systems in the cities and in rural density polyethylene films (pure water sachet), electric areas since these waste films are non biodegradable heater, thermocouple, lagging materials, beaker to These has resulted in the flooding of our received the wax and weighing balance. Polyethylene communities whenever it rains and subsequent waste water sachet around the streets/ road sides of destruction of houses and farmlands. Presently the the university were gathered, washed with water to most common method of disposing these wastes is by remove sand and other impurities, then dried. These incineration in open air, which has harmful impact on the waste pure water sachets were cut into pieces of about 1cm size to create higher surface area for environment as it releases CO, CO2, SO2, etc, into the pyrolysis as shown in Fig. 1. The apparatus consists of a atmosphere. CO2 and SO2 dissolve in the atmosphere and form weak acids that fall back to the earth as acid rain. fabricated batch reactor, with lagging for effective heat Carbon monoxide causes heart diseases and also affects transfer, thermocouple, electric heater. man’s central nervous system leading to death. It is therefore necessary to convert these huge wastes to useful raw material. Shoe polish consists of a waxy colloidal emulsion, a substance composed of a number of partially immiscible liquids and solids mixed together. It is usually made from ingredients including some or all of naphtha, lanolin, turpentine, wax (often called Carnauba wax), gum Arabic, ethylene glycol, and if required a colourant, such as carbon black or an azo dye (such as aniline yellow). Wax comes from a substance between resins and fats. Chemically it is defined as “an ester of a long chain aliphatic acid with a long chain aliphatic alcohol [1]. Fig 1Clean and dry waste pure water sachets cut into pieces 120 ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 10, April 2013 B Method Waste water sachets were collected, washed and dried to make them clean. They were weighed into samples of 100g each. Each of these samples was charged into a batch pyrolytic reactor. The reactor was placed on a heat source. For each sample, the temperature and reaction time was noted, to enable the determination of Fig. 2 The Flow Diagram of Polish Production temperature and time at which highest yield of wax was obtained. Paraffin wax was melted along with the wax III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION obtained from waste water sachets. The two waxes were properly mixed and then stearic acid was added and A Yield of polyethylene wax obtained at different stirred as shown in Fig 2. Thereafter, turpentine was pyrolysis time and temperature introduced while still stirring to ensure a proper mix The The effect of pyrolysis temperature and time on the mixture was allowed to cool to 41°C and poured into a yield of polyethylene wax is shown in Fig 3. It was container for storage. The polish was allowed to set. observed that, at the same pyrolysis temperature, the C Shoe Polish Formulations yield decreases with the increase of pyrolysis time. Three different formulations of polish were prepared At high pyrolysis temperature, the decrease in wax yield and labeled samples A, B and C. the three samples were was very obvious. It can be seen from Fig 3 that , the also compared with the two standard polishes labeled D yield was 95.31– 50.44 % at the pyrolysis (Kiwi) and E (Lude). In Table 1, sample B had the temperature range of 110˚C – 150˚C when the highest percentage of waste polyethylene wax from the polyethylene waste sachets was pyrolysed to waste water sachets followed by sample C, and then polyethylene wax. sample A. The densities, melting points and viscosities of shoe polishes produced and that of control (Kiwi and Lude) polishes were determined using ASTM standard methods. Table 1 Showing Shoe Polish Formulations Ingredients A (%) B (%) C (%) Waste Sachet 11.9 33.3 21.4 wax Paraffin wax 21.4 - 11.9 Stearic acid 12,1 12.1 12.1 Turpentine 54.5 54.5 54.5 D Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Wax (ASTM D 1321-97) Fig 3 Yield of Polyethylene Wax Obtained At Different This test method covers the empirical estimation of Pyrolysis Time and Temperature the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by At a low pyrolysis temperature (110˚C to 130˚C), measurement of the extent of penetration of a from Fig 3 the yield of wax and reaction time has a standard needle. This test method is applicable to wax low slope. When the temperature was increased to having a penetration of not greater than 250mm. The 150˚C, the yield decreases significantly and the slope samples were melted, heated to 17oC above its increases as shown in Fig 3. There are two reasons for congealing point, poured into a container and then air the decrease in yield, one is the pyrolysis of wax to cooled under controlled condition. The samples were more gaseous products as the temperature increases; the then conditioned at test temperature in a water bath. other reason is the vaporization of wax when pouring Penetration is measured with a Penetrometer, which from the reactor into the mould. On the other hand, applies a standard needle to the sample for 5s under at very low temperature (110˚C to 120˚C) and short a load of 100g . reaction time this is not feasible, because under this E Determination of Melting Point condition the polyethylene wax obtained showed Waxes are traded on the basis of melting point some of the properties of the unpyrolysed waste range . Therefore standard test method defined by ASTM sachets. Similar trend was observed by Jixing et al., [5] (D 127-87) for drop melting point of Petroleum wax while pyrolysing waste plastics to produce polyethylene including petrolatum was used. Penetration and drop wax. Therefore 130˚C and 150˚C are the optimal melting point test of the wax were carried out at the temperatures in other to produce wax with high yield i.e Nigeria National petroleum corporation’s refinery over 90%. .The yield of wax increased with pyrolysis laboratory at Kaduna, Nigeria. The average of the two time but above 150oC rapid melting of wax was observed, determinations was taken as the drop melting point of which shows that quality wax from waste water sachets the sample under test. can only be obtained between 130-150 oC, above 150oC 121 ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 10, April 2013 the wax melted to fuel oil. Ademiluyi et al., [6] observed Table 4. Showing Melting Point, Pour Point (°C) and also that waste sachets begin to melt to fuel oil at Density of Polishes temperature above 150oC, during the production of fuel Parameters Formulated and control polish oil from waste water sachets.